Catcher in the Rye Plot Essay

When someone is young, they tend to have innocence about them. As children grow up, they no longer possess this natural innocence. Exposure to all of the hatred in the world causes this loss. Holden Caulfield realizes this simple fact, as he himself grows up, and has a difficult time with the change. He experiences problems with communication as well as his school work. A common theme used throughout The Catcher in the Rye has to do with contradictions Holden makes. In J.D. Salinger’s The Catcher in the Rye, first person point of view is used to highlight contradictions Holden makes throughout the novel. Holden’s first contradiction becomes clear in the first few chapters of the book. When it comes to attending movies, he claims that he does not enjoy the company of Robert Ackley or going to see movies. Yet, he attends a show with Ackley. On Friday night, while Stradlater was on a date with Jane, Holden made his own plans. Holden, Mal Brossard, and Ackley went out for a burger and a movie. â€Å"†¦ decided we’d take a bus into Agerstown and have a hamburger and maybe see a lousy movie.†(36) Due to the use of first person point of view, we find out Holden’s inner thoughts instead of just relying on his actions. Also, later on in the novel, Holden goes to yet another movie, despite his claim of not enjoying them. While in the theater, he becomes extremely annoyed with the woman sitting next to him. She cried throughout the entire movie over, in Holden’s words, phony stuff. â€Å"†¦ there was a lady sitting next to me that cried all through the goddam picture. The phonier it got, the more she cried.†(139) We learn about Holden’s inner thoughts because of first person point of view. We can find another contradiction dealing with Holden’s hatred of movies. When he attends the first movie, he goes with Robert Ackley, despite the fact that Holden previously told us that he dislikes him. Holden says that he finds Ackley to be completely annoying. However, he was the one who invited Ackley along. â€Å"I asked Mal if he minded if Ackley came along with us†¦ Mal said he didn’t mind but that he wasn’t too crazy about the idea.†(36) This quote helps show another contradiction of Holden’s through Salinger’s use of first person point of view. Holden also sought out Ackley as a form of comfort after his fight with Stradlater. Holden had no one else to turn to after the fight except for Ackley. â€Å"I had a feel Ackley’d probably heard all the racket and was awake, so I went through the shower curtains and into his room† (46). Salinger again uses first person point of view to show even more of this contraction. Another contradiction that can be found has to do with Sally Hayes. Although Holden calls Sally a phony, he still decides to spend a night with her. In his head, he continues to say how much he hates Sally and how much she annoys him, yet he expresses that he loves her. Holden extends his contradiction by necking with Sally in the back of the cab, and still continues to think about the fact that he hates her. â€Å"I told her I loved her and all. It was a lie, of course.†(125) Holden’s actual thoughts about Sally stick out from the other statements through the use of first person point of view. Holden even goes as far as trying to run away with Sally. He expresses a want of running away and living on their own, right after calling her a pain in the ass. â€Å"I was getting excited as hell the more I thought about it, and I sort of reached over and took old Sally’s goddam hand. What a goddam fool I was.† (132) This contradiction was shown through the use of first person point of view. First person point of view is used by J.D. Salinger to show Holden’s contradictions in the Catcher in the Rye. Holden contradicts himself on a regular basis; it leads him to believe that he is crazy. Due to the fact that he has a problem with communicating to others, letting his feelings out became a challenge. His biggest battle involved his inner thoughts, and the words he actually expressed out loud. We can find most of his contradictions through this battle of words.

Qué hacer si turista recibe una infracción de tránsito

Quà © hacer si turista recibe una infraccià ³n de trnsito Los turistas en Estados Unidos pueden manejar durante su visita utilizando su carnet de manejar, aunque es recomendable que tambià ©n cuenten con la versià ³n internacional del mismo. Si durante su estancia en Estados Unidos los turistas son multados cuando manejan un vehà ­culo propio o rentado deben pagar la infraccià ³n o enfrentarse a las posibles consecuencias graves de falta de pago. Causas por las que se puede recibir un ticket de trnsito en EE.UU. Las infracciones de trnsito, conocidas tambià ©n como multas o tickets de trfico en algunos paà ­ses hispanohablantes pueden recibirse en Estados Unidos por razones muy diferentes  como, por ejemplo, excederse en el là ­mite de velocidad, no respetar las seà ±ales de trfico o aparcar en un lugar no autorizado. Cabe destacar que en Estados Unidos el reglamento de circulacià ³n es diferente de estado a estado, por lo que actos que en un lugar son legales en otros pueden dar lugar a una multa. Por esta razà ³n se recomienda informarse sobre las particularidades del cà ³digo de circulacià ³n del estado en el que se maneja. En todos los casos, si se recibe un ticket de trnsito, el folleto de multa contendr, al menos, dos datos muy importantes: Informacià ³n sobre cà ³mo y dà ³nde presentarse en Corte para contestar los cargos, si el chofer no acepta la multa.La cantidad a pagar, el plazo para efectuar el pago y cà ³mo se puede hacerlo: en persona, money order, tarjeta de crà ©dito o dà ©bito, etc. A diferencia de lo que ocurre con los residentes en el estado en el que han multado, los turistas extranjeros no tienen, en la mayorà ­a de los casos, la opcià ³n de tomar un curso a cambio de ver reducido el importe de la multa. Adems, si se acepta la multa y no se contesta, se va a tener que pagar la cantidad completa. Presentarse a Corte para contestar la infraccià ³n de trnsito Es una opcià ³n vlida. Pero hay que tener en cuenta: si se va a estar en Estados Unidos el dà ­a de la citacià ³nsi se tiene algo que decir para argumentar que la multa no es correctasi se quiere meter en estos problemas cuando se est de vacaciones El dilema de pagar o no pagar el ticket de trfico Muchos turistas piensan que nada les puede pasar si no pagan la infraccià ³n de trnsito. Pero antes de tomar esa opcià ³n conviene tener presentes los siguientes puntos: En primer lugar, si en el futuro se regresa al mismo condado en el que pusieron una multa que se dejà ³ sin pagar y tampoco se presentà ³ a Corte para contestarla, el turista puede ser arrestado. En segundo lugar, adems de tener problemas si se regresa al condado en el que se cometià ³ la infraccià ³n de trfico que no se quiere pagar, es posible que se tengan en otros condados e, incluso, en otros estados. Esto es asà ­ porque en Estados Unidos es relativamente comà ºn que los Departamentos de Vehà ­culos notifiquen al resto que ha habido un problema de trfico con un determinado turista. Uno de los condados que asà ­ lo hacen es, por ejemplo, Miami-Dade. Hay que tener en consideracià ³n que, dependiendo del tipo de infraccià ³n y del condado en el que se cometià ³, se puede emitir una orden de arresto. Y si esto sucede, el turista puede ser arrestado en un condado distinto al que cometià ³ la infraccià ³n. Por à ºltimo, y en tercer lugar, no pagar una multa de trfico puede tener consecuencias migratorias. Como carcter general hay que decir que la CBP –la autoridad a cargo de los pasos migratorios– no va a arrestar a ningà ºn turista que quiere ingresar de nuevo a EE.UU. porque tiene una multa de trnsito sin pagar. Sin embargo, existe una excepcià ³n a esa regla general y son los casos en los que se ha emitido una orden de arresto (warrant, en inglà ©s) originada en una multa. En estos casos la CBP puede ejecutarla y proceder a la detencià ³n del turista. Y aà ºn en los casos en los que no lo haga, sà ­ que puede decidir hacer una inspeccià ³n mucho ms exhaustiva en el paso migratorio. Como mà ­nimo, va a ser molesto. Y llevado a extremos puede dar lugar a que no le dejen entrar al paà ­s en base a algo que se encuentra en el sistema informtico. Adems, cabe destacar que los datos informticos de las Aduanas de EE.UU. cada vez son ms completos y distintas bases de datos de diferentes autoridades estn cada vez ms integradas. Como consecuencia de ello, la informacià ³n con la que cuenta el oficial migratorio de la CBP en los puntos de ingreso al paà ­s es cada vez ms completa. Cabe destacar que es recomendable seguir el consejo pà ºblico de la propia CBP en este punto. Sugiere fuertemente que se paguen las multas de trfico, especialmente las que tuvieron lugar cuando el auto estaba en marcha (moving violations). Es decir, es peor un ticket por exceso de velocidad que otro por aparcar incorrectamente. Finalmente, no olvidar que en la mayorà ­a de los casos el turista que comete una infraccià ³n est identificado, bien porque fue parado por un agente que le pidià ³ y verificà ³ sus datos o bien porque el auto es rentado y la agencia de alquiler tiene los datos que ligan al auto con una persona, su pasaporte, su licencia de manejar y su tarjeta de crà ©dito. Cà ³mo pagar los tickets de trnsito en EE.UU. No hay una regla à ºnica que aplique a todo el territorio de EE.UU. Por lo tanto, es obligatorio verificar en el folleto o en la pgina web de la autoridad que multà ³ la forma de pago. Si se decide pagar digitalmente tener en cuenta que es posible que la multa no aparezca en el sistema hasta 24-48 horas despuà ©s de haber tenido lugar el incidente. En muchas ocasiones es posible pagar por telà ©fono empleando una tarjeta de crà ©dito. Asegurarse de pagar dentro de plazo. Es comà ºn que se den 30 dà ­as para el pago, pero puede ser diferente. Finalmente, guardar copia de haber pagado o prueba digital del pago. 8 consejos sobre manejar en EE.UU. mientras se est como turista Para garantizar una visita sin sorpresas desagradables es conveniente seguir los siguientes consejos. En primer lugar, las reglas de trfico cambian de estado a estado. Se pueden consultar en la pgina web del Departamento de Vehà ­culos a Motor. Pueden ser incluso muy diferentes. En segundo lugar, en Estados Unidos son infracciones muy serias aquellas en las que el chofer est intoxicado (drogas o alcohol). Las reglas son muy estrictas. Todos los asuntos relacionados con drogas pueden tener, adems, consecuencias migratorias muy graves. En tercer lugar, si se maneja, no se habla con el celular ni se envà ­an mensajes de texto. Son tambià ©n infracciones graves. En cuarto lugar, es recomendable asegurarse de tener un buen seguro. En quinto lugar, en EE.UU. el seguro es para el chofer. No para el auto. Por lo que si varios miembros de una familia van a manejar, cada uno debe tener su seguro. En sexto lugar, no manejar el auto de un ciudadano o de un residente sin antes haber llamado a la aseguradora para incluirse en el seguro. En sà ©ptimo lugar, si se ingresa a Estados Unidos un auto  con placas mexicanas asegurarse de cumplir con todas las leyes americanas, especialmente si se viaja a lugares alejados de la frontera. Finalmente y en octavo lugar, es aconsejable contar con un permiso de manejar internacional, pero no es obligatorio. En todo caso, no sustituye al original del conductor, que sà ­ es obligatorio. Se recomienda llevar los dos ya que el internacional incluye informacià ³n en inglà ©s. Puntos clave: turistas en EE.UU. y tickets de trnsito En Estados Unidos, las reglas de trfico son diferentes de estado a estado. Deben respetarse las del estado en la que se est manejando.Si se recibe una multa de trfico, à ©sta se puede contestar a pagar.Se puede pagar el ticket de trfico de diferentes formas, segà ºn indica el papel de la multa. Como regla general se admite pago en persona, money order o tarjeta de crà ©dito o dà ©bito. Las reglas dependen del lugar en el que se emitià ³ la multa.Si no se paga una multa, el condado puede emitir una orden de arresto. Algunos condados notifican la orden de arresto a otros condados, incluso en otros estados. Si se emite una orden de arresto puede haber problemas en el paso migratorio la prà ³xima vez que se desea ingresar a EE.UU.Las multas por acciones cuando el auto est en marcha son ms graves. Es decir, es peor una multa por exceso de velocidad que otra por parquear mal.Si alcohol o drogas son parte de la multa, es conveniente aconsejarse con un abogado migratorio. Este es un artà ­culo informativo. No es asesorà ­a legal.

Ratio Analysis And Overview Accounting Essay Essays

Ratio Analysis And Overview Accounting Essay Essays Ratio Analysis And Overview Accounting Essay Essay Ratio Analysis And Overview Accounting Essay Essay Ratio analysis is the most widely used technique for construing and comparing fiscal studies. Besides, ratios are utile for the intent of comparing public presentation from twelvemonth to twelvemonth and the public presentation of different companies given that their sum figures ever differ in magnitude. It s indispensable to observe that the aggregation of ratios on a systematic footing allows tendencies to emerge and throws into alleviation the significance of alterations indicated by the analysis of current events. Sing the fact that the hereafter is unsure, covering with ratios has to be merged with its past behavior therefore enabling future alterations be predicted. Hence the bottom line is, tendencies indicated by ratios are of great importance in doing valuable anticipations. Therefore in ratio analysis, it is nonmeaningful to see the public presentation of a company on twelvemonth or non comparing the ratio with other companies. Hence to do ratios mea ningful you ve got to compare it with old twelvemonth s ratios and even compare with your rivals. Ratio analysis is the most widely used technique for construing and comparing fiscal studies. Besides, ratios are utile for the intent of comparing public presentation from twelvemonth to twelvemonth and the public presentation of different companies given that their sum figures ever differ in magnitude. It s indispensable to observe that the aggregation of ratios on a systematic footing allows tendencies to emerge and throws into alleviation the significance of alterations indicated by the analysis of current events. Sing the fact that the hereafter is unsure, covering with ratios has to be merged with its past behavior therefore enabling future alterations be predicted. Hence the bottom line is, tendencies indicated by ratios are of great importance in doing valuable anticipations. Therefore in ratio analysis, it is nonmeaningful to see the public presentation of a company on twelvemo nth or non comparing the ratio with other companies. Hence to do ratios meaningful you ve got to compare it with old twelvemonth s ratios and even compare with your rivals. Consequently, in this analysis the fiscal public presentation of Hammerson plc will be evaluated and discussed sing the two latest old ages of Hammerson fiscal statements that is 2008 and 2009.This will be done utilizing its ratios classified under profitableness, efficiency, investing and liquidness. In this same analysis attending will be given on the restrictions of ratio analysis being used as a tool to measure the fiscal public presentation of Hammerson. As a beginning of research, more visible radiation will be given as a prognosis for Hammerson net income warning and particular events ; this is to buttress this analysis. Consequently, in this analysis the fiscal public presentation of Hammerson plc will be evaluated and discussed sing the two latest old ages of Hammerson fiscal statements that is 2008 and 2009.This will be done utilizing its ratios classified under profitableness, efficiency, investing and liquidness. In this same analysis attending will be given on the restri ctions of ratio analysis being used as a tool to measure the fiscal public presentation of Hammerson. As a beginning of research, more visible radiation will be given as a prognosis for Hammerson net income warning and particular events ; this is to buttress this analysis. Subsequently, ratios drawn from balance sheets, hard currency flow statement and net income and loss statement will be calculated. Subsequently, ratios drawn from balance sheets, hard currency flow statement and net income and loss statement will be calculated. Hammerson PLC Hammerson PLC Liquidity ratios20092008 Current ratio: Current assets374.7190.3 Current liabilities 280.8 253.8 = 1.3 to 1 = 0.7 to 1 Acid ratio: Currents assets- stocks the same as current ratio since no stocks Current liabilities Investing Ratios Net incomes per portion ( EPS ) : Net incomes ? 100 575 ?100 421 ? 100 Shares 136.8 426 =136.8p = 98.8p Gaining output: EPS ? 100 136.8 ? 100 98.8? 100 Monetary value per portion 334 277 = 40.95 % = 35.66 % Dividend per portion ( DPS ) : Dividend 42.7 ? 100 46.7 ?100 Ordinary portion capital 174.2 ? 4 72.7 ? 4 = 6.1 P = 16.1 P Dividend output: DPS ? 1006.1 ? 10016.1 ?100 Monetary value per portion 334 277 = 1.82 =5.8 Price/ gaining ratio: Monetary value per portion334277 EPS 136.8 98.8 =2.44 = 2.8 Efficiency ratios20092008 Debt ratio: Entire liabilities2719.43484.2 Entire plus 5337.1 7485.7 = 0.5 = 0.47 Equity ratio: Stockholder financess2546.72820.6 Entire assets 5337.1 7485.7 = 0.477 = 0.376 Debt to equity ratio: Entire debt2626.13339.6 Shareholder financess 2546.7 2820.6 = 1.03 = 1.18 Entire debt to entire plus: Debt + current liabilities ? 1002626.1 + 280.8 ? 1003339.6+253.8 ?100 Entire assets 5337.1 7485.7 = 54.47 % = 48 % Harmonizing to Glautier E and Underdown B, company fiscal public presentation has two facets which are of involvement to investors. First, the fiscal public presentation may be assessed by mention to its ability to bring forth net income hence in this instance ratios of fiscal efficiency focal point on net income and gross revenues and net income and assets employed. Second, the company s fiscal public presentation may be assessed in footings of the value of its portions to investors therefore ratios of fiscal public presentation focal point on gaining per portion, dividend output and the price/earning ratios. In this visible radiation and in conformity with the liquidness ratio, Hammerson current assets were more sufficient to cover its current liabilities by a factor of 1.3 to 1 in 2009 but dropped drastically in 2008 wherein Hammerson current assets were non able to cover its current liabilities. An review of the equity falling due within one twelvemonth shows the 2nd largest point after portion premium is for militias ( ?854, 700, 000 at 30th June 2009 and ? 68, 800, 000 for 30th June 2008 ) . Hammerson had ?68, 300, 000 of hard currency at bank on the 30th of June 2009 and ?38,300, 000 on the 30th of June 2008, a decrease of ?30, 500, 000, so it could look to hold adequate hard currency at the terminal to pay for its militias. Apart from militias Hammerson had accumulations every bit good, ? 21, 300, 300 for 30th June 2009 and ?21, 600, 000, this shows a decrease of ?300, 000, So we can presume that sing Hammerson hard currency at bank could cover both militias and accumulations. Howe ver, the point portion premium was instead traveling to cut down Hammerson hard currency at bank. Apparently, Hammerson appears to hold invested good because the hard currency flow statement shows that ?264, 200, 200 for 30th June 2009 and ?74, 100, 000 for 30th June 2008 as shutting hard currency and sedimentation. This decidedly had a valuable consequence on the hard currency flow in both old ages. Looking at the efficiency ratio, there is an addition from June 2008 to June 2009 in Hammerson ability to protect its creditors and how they can go on to merchandise on equity. The equity ratio of 0.376 for June 2008 and 0.477 for June 2009 hence we can state Hammerson can increase their extent of trading on equity because it s profitable. But the gearing state of affairs of Hammerson is hapless therefore demoing they have to borrow less and increase the capital invested by their stockholder. The tendency of the geartrain state of affairs for the two old ages shows that its unprofitable relying on adoptions. This genuinely seen by the per centum of financess Hammerson provided by creditors that is 48 % for 30th June 2008 and 54.47 % for 30th June 2009. There has being an addition in Hammerson profitableness shown by an addition in its net incomes per portion of 136.8p ( increase30th June 2009 and 98.8p for 30th June 2008 ) . Unfortunate the Price/earning ratios has dropped from ( 2.44 to 2.8 ) . Looking at the dividend ( 42.7 at 2009 and 46.7 at 2008 ) hence demoing a bead on the dividend thereby literally turn outing that the company has had a policy of merely paying a little proportion of dividends. This could therefore bring force per unit area from stockholders to increase the degree of dividends paid out but evidently the impact on hard currency flow would hold to be considered really earnestly. Accounting to Dyson, he suggests that the four methods of ratio analysis are interconnected. He thinks so because a extremely efficient company is besides a profitable one but it is besides suggested that its success has caused it to run into hard currency flow jobs. The market will entree its future public presentation and hence its investing potency. Hence the investing ratios should reflect satisfactory profitableness indexs or any liquidness jobs. Even though all the indexs are satisfactory, the investing indexs may be weak, perchance because the market thinks that the company has passed its extremum. Although ratio analysis is a tool used to measure the fiscal public presentation of a company, it s got some pitfalls/limitations which are indispensable in this analysis. When we take a expression at the fiscal statement provided by Hammerson it has been summarised go forthing off the profit/loss statement doing it impossible to cipher any of the profitableness ratios hence it does non give a true image of the company. Besides, if ratio analysis is used to two companies at that place becomes a job as no two companies will hold the same fiscal and concern hazard profile hence ratios ca nt be used to measure the public presentation of the two companies. For case, one company may be able to obtain bank loans at reduced rates and may demo high geartrain degrees while as another may non be successful in obtaining inexpensive rates and it may demo that it is runing at low pitching degree. The alterations in accounting criterions besides act as restriction to ratio analysis because different accounting criterions offers standard ways of recognising, mensurating and showing fiscal minutess. Any alteration in the criterions will impact the coverage of company and finally its comparism of consequences over different old ages. This has the same with different accounting policies that is the pick of accounting policies may falsify inter company comparings. For case IAS 16 allows assets to be based on either revalue sum or at depreciated historical cost. The concern may choose non to appreciate its plus because by making so the depreciation charge is traveling to be high and will ensue in lower net income. Decision devising is non hapless taking into consideration the historical cost. This is because where historical cost convention is used ; plus ratings in the balance sheet could be misdirecting. Ratios based on this information will non be really utile for determination devising. Furthermore, ratio analysis can non be used in instances where different companies have different capital constructions and sizes. To do comparing when 1 is wholly equity oriented and the other is a geared company, it becomes hard to do a comparing. Monetary value alterations besides have a function to play every bit far as the restrictions of ratio analysis are concerned. Inflation renders comparings of consequences over clip misleading as fiscal figures will non be within the same degrees of buying power. Changes in consequences over clip may demo as if the endeavor has improved its public presentation and place when in fact after seting for inflationary alterations it will demo the different image. As a decision, Ratio analysis is utile, but analysts should be cognizant of these jobs and do accommodations as necessary. Ratios analysis conducted in a mechanical, unreflective mode is unsafe, but if used intelligently and with good opinion, it can supply utile penetrations into the house s operations. The president said, The first half of the twelvemonth was a period of vigorous activity following which the company is now in a strong fiscal place. Looking frontward, we will concentrate on the four key countries. . First, our investing portfolio is of the really highest quality, consisting premier retail and office assets in the UK and France. We will actively pull off the portfolio to better the income and guarantee it is good positioned to profit from a recovery in markets. Second, our recent developments have the possible to be some of our best executing assets over the medium-term, and we will go on to concentrate on allowing the staying infinite. Third, we are prosecuting the planning and design elements of the development grapevine to guarantee we can work these undertakings when conditions permit. Fourth, we intend to take advantage of chances presented by the current markets, including recycling capital into investings offering higher returns. Hammerson are doing encouraging advancement in allowing our major developments, the last of which, Union Square in Aberdeen, will open in the fall. Approximately 67 % of the strategy s rental income has been secured or is in canvassers custodies. In the City of London, 60 Thread Needle Street and 125 Old Broad Street are severally 23 % and 75 % Lashkar-e-Taiba, with a farther 44 % of income at 60 Thread needle Street in canvassers custodies. Gross income will turn well as a consequence of late contracted rentals at these and other developments. This is a bow dramatis personae Hammerson upcoming particular events for this twelvemonth. Besides, Hammerson has received dainties in its fiscal place sing the fact that is has got a bead in its net income degree from 2008 to 2009 ; this is shown by a bead in its earning per portion for the two twelvemonth. Concerning Hammerson current portion monetary value of 379.97p demoing a bead of 9p hence a dainty to its future net incomes every bit good since there will be considerable bead in the figure of stockholders that earlier. In a concluding analysis and to reason every bit good, I think ratio analysis is a good to measure the fiscal public presentation of a company but should take some facts into consideration when analyzing. Furthermore, the tendency shown after the ratios were calculated was in little conformity with the president statement refering its profitableness and investing of the two old ages in inquiry. Mention J. R. Dyson ( 2005 ) . Accounting for non- accounting pupils. The Prentice Hall, 6th Edition. P 275 M W E Glautier and B Underdown ( 2007 ) . Accounting Theory and Practice. The Prentice Hall, 7TH Edition P 252 BILIOGRAPHY Elliot Barry and Elliot Jamies ( 2008 ) Financial Accounting and Reporting, ( 12th Edition ) Prentice Hall Wood, Frank and Sangster, Alan ( 2008 ) Business Accounting 1, ( 11th edition ) Prentice hall.

Is it possible to achieve belonging or cultural acceptance without a Essay

Is it possible to achieve belonging or cultural acceptance without a sense of individuality - Essay Example (Grammich, Clifford A.. 2010, 14) The question that one would want to ask is whether it is possible that one would be accepted in a group without losing their individuality. Responding to this message requires appreciation of the fact that being accepted in the group while one is individuated will mean to be accepted in the group without conforming to the norms of that particular group. The possibility that individuals would conform to group norm depend on a number of factors’ first, the group cohesiveness. This is the degree to which individuals are attracted to the group and the benefits that are drawn from that group. The size of the group would also determine whether individuals would conform or not. Smaller groups tend to pile a lot of pressure for conformity than large groups. The concept of individualism has been studied in details by two main theorists, Locke and Mills. According to Locke, individualism has been overcome by the pressure particularly that of the government. He suggests that government is a necessary evil that rope people together to conform. His view of individual’s conformity is authoritarian. Mills however reveals that individualism was grounded on theories of pleasure and pain. He suggests hat individuals are the arbiters of their own actions and therefore they are considered to be one of the strongest  proponents for liberalism, checked only by his harm principle. (Mills, Gordon H, 26) Grammich, Clifford A.. 2010 U.S. religion census: religious congregations & membership study : an enumeration by nation, state, and county based on data reported for 236 religious groups. Kansas City, Mo.: Association of Statisticians of American Religious Bodies, 2012.

Critically evaluate the significance of leadership as it relates to Assignment

Critically evaluate the significance of leadership as it relates to driving the culture of an organisation. To support your anal - Assignment Example Leadership is usually associated with motivation; the incentive theory suggests that the employee will increase their efficiency if they are offered incentives (Handy, 2007). However, certain theorists believed that employees are often driven by economic needs which are also known as rational assumptions (Handy, 2007). Management is a logical process which requires the emotional intelligence of the manager to handle the human resources of the organization. Leadership and Management are interrelated but cannot be used interchangeably and there are three dimensions of leadership which is needed for effective management which are planning, negotiation and rewarding. Managers are concerned with the achievement of targets; however leaders are concerned with fresh approaches of how to manage the employees of the organization through inspiration and motivation. Theories related to satisfaction of the worker are very limited; a satisfied worker may not work harder but he/ she tends to stay l onger in the existing organization (Handy, 2007). As per author Kotter, management is about dealing with the complexity of the problems whereas leadership is about coping with change and bringing order and consistency in the organization (Sadler, 2003). The difference between management and leadership was first defined by theorist James McGregnor in the year 1978 (Sadler, 2003). The theory laid emphasis on the difference between transactional and transformational leadership. Transactional leadership occurs when the manager takes the initiative in offering some form of satisfaction in return for something valued (Sadler, 2003). Managers who exhibit the transactional leadership skills are usually associated with ability to attain results and solve problems through proper planning, organizing, directing and controlling and work methodically within the structure and the boundary of the organization. Organizational culture and transformational leadership are interrelated and also has a s ignificant impact on the organizational effectiveness. Transformational leadership qualities lead to excellent performance of the employees which are beyond the expectations of the organization. As per authors Denison and Mishra, there are usually four cultural traits that are related positively with the organizational performance which are involvement, consistency, participation and normative integration (Xenikou and Simosi, 2006). Managers following transformational leadership skill promote an environment that helps in achievement of high goals. Transformational leadership is mainly concerned with the intellectual simulation, accomplishment, and individual consideration. In addition it was also proved that there are certain organizations which have certain group norms that help in promoting self actualization, participation in decision making, moral and social support, cooperation etc. The organizational culture theory as proposed by Cook and Rousseau suggests that culture is comp osed of the shared values of a social group acquired through socialization process and can be acquired through socialization process and exposure to variety of culture bearing elements (Xenikou and Simosi, 2006). These culture bearing element constitute of social interaction, employee behaviour and their performance.

Implications of Leadership and Ethics on Organizational Behaviour Assignment

Implications of Leadership and Ethics on Organizational Behaviour - Assignment Example However, unlike most leaders I do not have an outgoing style or a sense of humor. My personal leadership effectiveness is perfect; however, this trait somehow affects it. To ensure that I leverage my strengths, I plan to focus more on past successful leaders and try to determine how they made their achievements. Additionally, I plan to put my strengths in every bit of practice so as to enhance them. Changing my attitude and personality in relation to my weaknesses is the only way through which I can eliminate the weaknesses I have. The only barrier to implementing these plans may be my dedication and determination to implementing them. However, I believe I have all the space and time to implement these development plans. Loyalty and respect is a key value that shapes my leadership behavior. My loyalty and respect to the organization where I work has not only improved my leadership behavior but has also enhanced my social responsibility, and help my motivate employees working under me. In addition, as a value, I often base my decisions on values and not beliefs. I believe values surpass both experiences and contexts. Therefore, the decisions I make for the organization are determined by my values and not beliefs. A reflection on Henry Mintzberg’s literary work â€Å"Beyond Selfishness† brings about the notion of a heroic manager and an engaged manager. For one to be a Heroic Manager they have to depict some form of perfection and excellence. For managers, the drive to being heroes simply involves differentiating themselves, to be who they can be. Managers who act as role models to certain individuals may still be considered heroic managers by those individuals. Being a heroic manager enables one to lead the people who admire them. In contrast, being more of a hero may become counterproductive, particularly if it dis-empowers your subjects. Generally, for mangers, occasional heroic acts may help their subjects feel they can imitate and depend on

Music-Induced Affect as Treatment of Elderly Depression Essay Example for Free

Music-Induced Affect as Treatment of Elderly Depression Essay Abstract   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Depression in elderly patients is one of the most prevalent psychological problems today. However, research and knowledge regarding this subject is limited and those involved in the application of this knowledge to help elderly individuals experiencing depression are lacking in efficient strategies and training. This paper aims to explore the efficacy of inducing positive affect through music as a strategy in treating depression in elderly individuals. The paper focuses on the effectiveness of music alone as tool in treating depression based on its capability to induce positive affect. It is hypothesized that positive affect continuously induced via music within a set time-period will lessen signs of depression. Introduction Depression has recently been recognized as one of main psychological problems facing society today. Literature shows that treatment of depression needs to be specialized in terms of the population it addresses. Certain groups, such as adolescents, respond to certain treatments differently when compared to another group, such as the elderly. (Aryan Alvidres, 2001; Von Kroff et al, 2001) Depression among the elderly has specifically been found to be rampant and mostly unchecked mainly due to the fact that it was regarded earlier on as a normal step in an individual’s aging. (Casey, 1994) The need for further research on the subject is stressed by the fact that treatments and solutions for depression among elderly individuals are studied only in areas wherein a majority of the population is in the late stages of life. (Bramesfeld, 2003) Also, research has shown that general practitioners involved in treating depression in the elderly need to have more training and information on how best to handle depression in older patients. (Rothera et al, 2002) Diagnosis of depression is also a problem with 70-90% of depressed elderly patients going undiagnosed. (Koenig, 1999) A new strategy being researched for its effectiveness in treating depression employs the use of music techniques. Hendricks et al (1999) showed the potency of music in treating adolescent depression mainly because of its ability to inspire a change in the individual’s emotions. Hanser Thomson (1994) and Hanser (1990) studies have also shown promise in the use of music techniques to treat depression in older individuals. This paper aims to validate these previous studies but will focus only on the musical aspect of the treatment. Previous research included exercise, muscle relaxation techniques, and recall of experiences which could have confounded the results of the previous studies attesting to the effectiveness of music techniques. Research Question   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     The goal of this paper is to determine whether there is a significant relationship between music-induced affect and depression. Can positive affect induced by music reduce depression? It is hypothesized that positive music-induced affect has a significant negative relationship with depression. Methods   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The design of the study is experimental and random. Specifically, it makes use of a 22 between-subjects factorial design. One variable will be the music-induced affect which will have two levels in the experiment, presence and absence of music-induced affect. Negative music-induced affect will not be used for ethical reasons. The other variable will be the test scores of the participants assessing the intensity of their depression. This will have two levels, test scores prior to the application of the music technique and test scores acquired after application. The two variables contribute tot eh 22 factorial design. (Mann, 1949) Setting   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The study will be conducted in a laboratory setting within primary care facilities from which the participants will be gathered. Performing the experiment in a primary care facility will be more convenient especially because the participants involved are elderly individuals. The laboratory setting will control for confounding variables that could be present in a real environment. Population   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The research sample will be composed of individuals from age 65 onwards coming from primary care facilities and who have been diagnosed with depression (ranging from mild to severe). This is to avoid ethical and scientific concerns regarding clinically-induced depression. Data Collection The independent variable is the positive music-induced affect will be measured with the State Form of the Multiple Affect Adjective Check List-Revised (MAACL-R). (Zuckerman Lubin, 1985) The depression level, the dependent variable, of the participants will be measured with the Beck Depression Inventory (BDI). (Beck et al, 1961) Participants will be randomly assigned to two groups. The experimental group will be administered with music sessions aimed at inducing positive affect. The music will be pre-tested on a different set of participants also with depression to check its validity in inducing positive affect. The control group will not be administered with music sessions and will only be administered the Beck Depression Inventory at the start and at the end of the experimentation period.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The experimental group will be administered the selected music once daily for a duration of four weeks. During the sessions, participants of the experimental set-up will be asked to clear their minds and to concentrate only on the music being played. The State Form of the Multiple Affect Adjective Check List-Revised will be administered before and after each session to ensure that positive affect was induced. The Beck Depression Inventory will also be administered to this group at the start and end of the four-week experimentation period to document depression levels. Data Analysis   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Collected data will be analyzed statistically with the use of a one-way analysis of variance (one-way ANOVA). The computed marginal means in the ANOVA will be the determining statistical value indicating the effect of positive music-induced affect on depression scores with the Beck Depression Inventory. Conclusion   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Music as a technique employed in treating depression will provide healthcare workers and low-income families with a relatively cost-free strategy of helping elderly individuals experiencing depression. This is also a technique that doesn’t require much training or medical expertise in its administration. All one would need in order to be able to administer this technique is knowledge as to which music selections are prescribed and certified to induce positive affect. This technique, because of its simplicity and speed of application, could also be used as a supplementary strategy to medication, counseling and psychotherapies being employed to treat depression in elderly patients.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The research, however, has many limitations. The range of elderly individuals that will be available for experimentation will only be confined to a specific locality. Time constraints will also be an issue. Further study should be conducted on a larger sample size and over a longer experimentation period. Different music styles and variations can also be checked to ascertain maximum effectiveness of the treatment. Gender could also be checked as a factor.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Depression is indeed a psychological problem that afflicts today’s elderly individuals. Research regarding effective techniques has to be continued and expanded in order for healthcare workers to be able to best address this growing problem. References Arean, P., Alvidrez, J. (2001). Treating Depressive Disorders Who Responds, Who Does Not Respond, and Who Do We Need to Study? Journal of Family Practices, 50(6), 529 Beck, A., Ward, C., Mendelson, M., Mock, J., Erbaugh, J. (1961). An inventory for measuring depression, Archives of General Psychiatry, 4, 561-571. Bramesfeld, A. (2003). Service provision for elderly depressed persons and political and professional awareness for this subject: a comparison of six European countries. International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry, 18, 392-401 Casey, D. (1994). Depression in the elderly. Southern Medical Journal, 87(5), 559-563 Hanser, S. B. (1990). A music therapy strategy for depressed older adults in the community. Journal of Applied Gerontology, 9, 283-298. Hanser, S. B., Thompson, L. W. (1994). Effects of music therapy strategy on depressed older adults. Journal of Gerontology, 49, 265-269. Hendricks, C., Robinson, B., Bradley, L., Davis, K. (1999). Using music techniques to treat adolescent depression. Journal of Humanistic Counseling, Education Development, 38(1), 39-46 Koenig, H. (1999). Late-life depression: How to treat patients with comorbid chronic illness.Geriatrics, 54(5), 56-61 Mann, H.B. (1949). Analysis and design of experiments; analysis of variance and analysis of variance designs. New York, Dover Publications. Rothera, I., Jones, R., Gordon, C. (2002). An examination of the attitudes and practice of general practitioners in the diagnosis and treatment of depression in older people. International Journal Of Geriatric Psychiatry, 17, 354-358 Von Kroff, M., Katon, W., Wells, K., Wagner, E. (2001). Improving Depression Care Barriers, Solutions, and Research Needs. Journal of Family Practice, 50(6), 529-561 Zuckerman M, Lubin B. (1985) Manual for the Multiple Affect Adjective Check List-Revised. San Diego: Educational and Industrial Testing