Study On Quantitative Easing And Krishnamurthy Finance Essay - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 5 Words: 1493 Downloads: 4 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Finance Essay Type Research paper Did you like this example? Quantitative easing, also known as large scale asset purchases (LSAP), is a specific monetary policy used by central banks to add to the supply of money by increasing reserves of the banking system. In certain economic situations, such as a low inflationary environment like the one we are experiencing today, targeting a low interest rate is not sufficient to maintain the level of money supply desired by the Federal Reserve, and so quantitative easing is employed. Through the quantitative easing process, the central bank purchases securities-most likely longer-dated Treasury Bonds and mortgage backed securities-in an effort to push longer-term interest rates lower and expand the money supply by making it cheaper for individuals to borrow and for businesses to raise capital. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Study On Quantitative Easing And Krishnamurthy Finance Essay" essay for you Create order This works because the borrower receives about 93 percent more money than the bank holds in reserves (money creation). Krishnamurthy We build on the regression analysis from KVJ to estimate the effect of a purchase of long-term securities via the safety channel. We focus on the safety channel because it appears to be a dominant effect from the event studies. In KVJ, we mainly focus on the effect of changes in the total supply of Treasuries, irrespective of maturity, on bond yields. For evaluating QE, we are interested more in asking how a change in the supply of long-term Treasuries will affect yields. The larger effects obtained from the QE1 event study than the regression approach suggest that changes in Treasury supply have much larger impact on the safety premium in times of unusually high safety demand than they do in average times. Gagnon, et. al, (2010) report that in 10-year equivalents the Fed had purchased $169bn of Treasuries, $59bn of Agency debt, and $573bn of Agency MBS by Feb 1, 2010. The total purchase up to this date was $1.625tn and the anticipated total was $1.725tn. We scale up the n umbers up to Feb 1, 2010 by 1.725/1.625 to evaluate the effect of the total purchase. Important (Theoretical) Takeshi Kimura and David Small (2004) (Finance and Economics Discussion Series Divisions of Research Statistics and Monetary Affairs Federal Reserve Board, Washington, D.C. Quantitative easing was expected to have three effects on financial markets. First, it would lower longer-term interest rates because the Banks announcement that the new policy regime would be maintained until CPI inflation became zero or more would lower expected short-term rates. If this so-called commitment effect also contributed to diminishing uncertainty over future short-term interest rates, term premiums also would be reduced and hence longer term rates would be lowered further. 8 Such announcement effects would tend to be reinforced by the observed increase in current account balances. Second, the abundant provision of liquidity would make money market participants feel more secure about the ongoing availability of funds, thereby preserving financial market stability. Uncertainties about conditions in money markets might, at times, lead to elevated demands for liquidity, boosting the rates of illiquid assets relative to those of liquid assets. In such circumstances, the elevated levels of current account balances would reduce the probability of a liquidity shortage, and consequently would reduce liquidity premiums. Third, an open market operation by a central bank would change the relative supplies of assets held by the public and, thereby, may lead to changes in the relative prices of assets. This so-called portfolio-rebalancing effect has been described as follows: Suppose that a representative bank holds multiple assets and rebalances its portfolio so as to maximize its objective function under the constraint of containing overall risk amount below a certain limit. For example, if we assume that a utility function with given absolute risk aversion, the expected return and its variance from the portfolio become explanatory variables of utility. Risk constraint crucially depends on the capital position of the bank. Then, let us think of a case where, as a result of the outright purchase of long-term JGB by the BOJ, a portion of the long-term government holdings of the representative bank is converted to monetary base. The reduction on portfolio risk, that is, interest rate volatility risk of government bonds, generates room for new risk taking, and thus part of monetary base should be converted to some type of risk assets. At equilibrium, utility is kept constant by marginally increasing the amount of holding risk assets, and the marginal increa se in the expected profits offsets increased risk. In this rebalancing process, the risk premium of risk asset prices will be decreased. Although quantitative easing supported that improvement of Japans economy, the Banks drastic quantitative easing has not been quite strong enough by itself to boost the economy and prices, as stated by Governor Fukui (2003). In particular, it did not seem to have a strong beneficial effect on the corporate financing environment, such as on corporate bond rates. (See Figure 3 (panel 1).) The weakening role of banks as financial intermediaries made it especially important for easier monetary policy to benefit capital markets. However, the spread between interest rates on corporate bonds and risk-free government bonds declined only marginally after March 2001. And those firms that did feel the benefits of monetary easing were limited to those with high credit ratings. Credit spreads on low-grade corporate bonds rose after October 2001. The prices of other financial assets also did not seem to benefit from quantitative easing. Even after the introduction of quantitative easing, stoc k prices continued to decline until the summer 2003. (See Figure 3 (panel 2).) As for foreign exchange rates, the yen rate against the dollar depreciated rapidly from November 2001 until February 2002. (See Figure 3 (panel 3).) However, this depreciation seems to be attributable not only to monetary easing but also to a change in the economic outlook; while expectations for recovery of the US economy strengthened, uncertainty over prospects for Japans economy intensified, including financial system stability. Thereafter, on net, the yen appreciated. In the context of the Bank of Japans policy of quantitative easing, we have explicitly considered portfolio-rebalancing effects and how they may be affected by the attempts of portfolio holders to diversify business-cycle risk. In this framework, an outright purchase of long-term government bonds does not necessarily reduce the portfolio risk of financial institutions and other private-sector investors and thereby generate room for ne w risk taking as has been suggested. Indeed, the portfolio risk associated with the business cycle may have increased as the BOJs purchases of long-term government debt reduced the private-sectors holding of this asset whose returns are counter-cyclical, If we focus only on the portfolio-rebalancing effects, and neglect the other effects such as the BOJ using quantitative easing to demonstrate resolve to keep short-term rates low, the BOJs quantitative easing may have increased the demand for those JGB substitutes whose returns also are counter-cyclical. But these policy actions may have decreased the demand for assets whose returns are pro-cyclical and thus may have increased the risk premium for pro-cyclical assets. The following chart summarizes these estimation results. Doh (2010) See the paper conclusion Oda, N., and Ueda, K. (2007). The effects of the bank of Japans zero interest rate commitment and quantitative monetary easing on the yield curve: A macro-finance approach. The Japanese Economic Review. We have examined empirically the effects of the ZIRP and QMEP in Japan on mediumto long-term interest rates using a macro-finance model. We tentatively conclude that the BOJs monetary policy under the zero interest rate environment since 1999 has functioned mainly through the zero rate commitment, which has led to reduced medium- to long-term interest rates. More specifically, the commitment has been effective in lowering the expectations component of interest rates, especially with short- to medium-term maturities, while it has been less effective in lowering the risk premium component. In contrast, the portfolio rebalancing effect either by the BOJs supplying liquidity beyond the required level to keep the short-term policy rate at virtually zero (i.e. the expansion of the CAB at the BOJ) or by the BOJs purchases of JGBs on the risk premium component of the interest rates has not been found significant. There is some evidence that raising the target for the CABs has been percei ved by the market as a signal indicating the BOJs greater willingness to carry on RZIRP and has thus enhanced the effects of the zero rate commitment, although this interpretation is subject to further examination. Stroebel, J. C., and Taylor, J. B. (2009). Estimated impact of the feds mortgage-backed securities purchase program. National Bureau of Economic Research. We examine the quantitative impact of the Federal Reserves mortgage-backed securities (MBS) purchase program. We focus on how much of the recent decline in mortgage interest rate spreads can be attributed to these purchases. The question is more difficult than frequently perceived because of simultaneous changes in prepayment and default risks. When we control for these risks, we find evidence of statistically insignificant or small effects of the program. For specifications where the existence or announcement of the program appears to have lowered spreads, we find no separate effect of the size of the stock of MBS purchased by the Fed.

Why The Security Program Should Be Implemented Into An...

The definition of â€Å"Core Competencies† is the fundamental ability a protective program needs in order for it to deliver services. These needs will vary according to the type or organization, its size and geography, recent history, criticality of resources, vulnerability to losses, and other factors (McCrie, R. 2007). Reading this definition I can say that, there is a lot to be said about what can be implemented into an organizations security programs. I will start by saying, that the size of the organization is something that I believe will vary the degree to what the managers will add into their security program. A large organization will have to add several different security programs to be effective in protecting staff, protecting†¦show more content†¦All these factors are in addition to the recruitment of members. The recruitment packet should detail the qualifications, salary, benefits and minimum required experience. When the security is outsourced, what com pany will we bring in to accomplish this task? Are there any discrepancies with the outside security firm that will create resistance to the organization goals? Should the organization contract with an armed or unarmed security firm and what trainings have they been given as armed guards. The uniform should represent professionalism as well as display authority. The staff that are contracted to work in the facility should be well groomed and have the ability to appropriately interact with the staff. The contracted guards are hired by their respective company, however, who within the workplace should the guards have to answer to. There should be an, on location supervisor to address their concerns and needs. There should be a staff member available to address staffs concerns, if they have any, about any security matters. Security has always been an important issue that large and small organizations have been dealing with to protect their staff and assets. However, the security indust ry did not come into fruition until later on in the 19th century (McCrie, R. 2007). During this time the major security programs were developed, investigations, guarding, executive protection, alarm monitoring to name a few (McCrie, R. 2007). During the 1950’s the model of

Counter Terrorism Strategy In India- Research Essay Topic - Literature

Question: Make a research essay topic, " Counter Terrorism Strategy in India". Need essay as deeply explained manner with literature English. Can use the Mumbai terrorist attack as an example here but make sure you look at Indias counter-terrorism strategy rather than ways to improve how they handled specific attacks and focus on the broad national counter-terrorism policy rather than the security forces counter-terrorism practices. Answer: Introduction This paper described the several aspect of counter terrorism strategy in India. The main aim of this paper is to evolution and strategies of counterterrorism strategies in India. Indeed, counterterrorism is the technique, tactic and strategy which prevent from terrorism. In the other words, the terrorism is called a war or revolution, then counterterrorism trends to be described in the term of military responses. On the other hand, terrorism means crime. Then, counterterrorism defined in the term of police and law enforcement work. Counter terrorism is called as against the terrorism activity which contains acquire, prevent and react to the unlawful terrorism exercise. (Sheehan 2007) Further, the first counterterrorism campaign was created by William Harcourt in 1880 for helps of Irish fenians. Irish branch was established as field of criminal investigation department of the London Metropolitan Police in the year of 1883 to conflict Irish republican terrorism by penetration and subve rsion, but in the India counterterrorism strategy emerged after the 2008 Mumbai attack and attack on the Indian Parliament in 2001 when several intelligence and operational failures revealed against the terrorism. Mohammad Ajmal Kasab was main accused of Mumbai attack. (Borgeson Valeri 2009) The National Counter Terrorism Center (NCTC) was created as anti-terror agency in the India on the basis of National Counterterrorism Center model of the USA. (Kraft Marks 2013) Existing terrorism groups in India There are several kinds of terrorism and insurgent group operating in India which is recognized by Foreign Terrorist Organization (FTO) of the US state that are following below: Lashkar-e-Taiba (LeT): Lashkar-e-Taiba names mean Army of the Pure. This Islamist groups are operating in Pakistan and also from Jammu and Kashmir. This group is accused for many high terrorist attacks in India, including Mumbai commuter rail in the year of 2006. It is getting funds from Pakistan for run their terrorist and criminal activities. (Tankel 2009) Nowadays, it is expanding in the worldwide. Jaish-e-Muhammad: Jaish-e-Muhammad group name means Army of Mohammad. This is another terrorist groups which operating in Jammu and Kashmir. This was founded by Harkat-ul-Ansar in 2000. The main aim of this group is to transfer Jammu and Kashmir area control to Pakistan. (Rana 2009) Harakat-ul-Mujahadeen (HuM): This terrorism group was established in the 1985 as anti-Soviet team conflicting in the Afghanistan. Pakistan based HuM concentration transfer to Jammu and Kashmir when they withdrew from Soviet in the 1989. The Communist Party of India (Maoist): This group is looking to build a revolutionary zone of control expanding from the Nepalese boundary down to Andhra Pradesh state. (Hutt 2004) This group was emerged by the merger of Nexalite groups in 2004. Harakat-ul-Jihad-I-Islami (HUJI): This terrorist group was established in 1980 to fight against Soviet, but currently it has focused on Jammu and Kashmir. Initial stage they are targeted Indian military, but they killed five foreign tourists in Jammu and Kashmir in 1995 which belongs to western country. (Khurshchev 2009) Jamiat ul-Mujahadeen: This is small terrorist group of pro-Pakistan Kashmiri which is blamed for a grenade attacks against India political targets in 2004. The United Liberation Front of Assam (ULFA): It was founded in 1979 as socialist state in Assam. In the 1990s, they started to target the political leader and security forces in the Assam state. Through the above terrorist and insurgent groups, the major territory was affected by terrorist activities in the India that are following below: Jammu and Kashmir: This state was central point of terrorist activities when British colonial rule ended from this states. India claims that Pakistan is using this territory for expanding their insurgent through several groups of insurgent and terrorist. One third of the total terrorist attack occurred in this territory. (Kalpan Bajoria 2008) Andhra Pradesh: Many terrorist attacks occurred in this area through Naxalites. Naxalites are revolutionary groups which are affecting around 10000 member lives every year. Naxalites are expanded their area from thirteen states to twenty eight states of the India. (Tickell 2013) The state of Andhra Pradesh, Jharkhand, Bihar, Orrisa and West Bengal are highly affected from Naxalites activities, but Chhattisgarh is mostly affected by the Maoist violence in 2006. Northeastern states: Most of northeastern states are affected by the violence activities after the Bangladesh was separated off in 1947. Conflicts are expanding most of the Assam and Nagaland states in India. Poverty is major problem in this area and many groups are demanding independent so many terrorist and insurgent activities are occurred in these areas. (Kalpan Bajoria 2008) Counterterrorism strategy in India Due to a lot of terrorist and insurgent groups activates in the India such as Jammu and Kashmir, Northeastern state and Andhra Pradesh. India will have to take special decision against terrorist so they are created counterterrorist strategies. Indeed, India population has cross 1 billion in the current years. India has many ethnic groups, seven major religious with many kinds of organized religious and sub organized religious and around 68 socio-culture sub regions. There are constantly increasing social, economic and political desires of groups in its cultural, lingual, social and communal social system. (Marwah 2012) Further, India has become largest victims of terrorism, but nowadays it has handled terrorism smartly in Mizoram, Punjab and other kinds of nation. India adopted comprehensive strategy to counterterrorism. Counterterrorism will be affective when they adopted national consensus strategy to prevent the terrorism. Indias counterterrorism strategy addresses terrorism as a process with economic, operational, political, psychological, perceptual and diplomatic aspect. India believes to encourage a good governance, healthy, well-functioning democracy, secular and liberal mind set which no difference between majority and minority. They treat everyone equal level on the basis of law concern. We need a local level counterterrorism strategy to prevent terrorism in India. (Curtis 2008) The few significant points need to be highlighted that are following below: First, in the regard of ideological level, this conflict is between terrorist groups which dont trust in value of religious tolerance, multi-cultural and democracy. The counterterrorism strategy is followed by several nations with large defeat and denies factors. An ideological and political counterterrorism factor plays an important dominant role which believes that ideologues should be considered in the plan and operational conflict against terrorism. (Singh 2008) Second, we need to adopt the collaborative plans at the highest level. Although, top-down strategy cannot be apply everywhere. (Mitchell 2008) Counterterrorism operational plan must be worked out for specific area. Third, counterterrorism strategy must deal with all aspect of worldwide terrorism. It connects with transnational organized crime, drug, illegal arms trafficking, money laundering, illicit and nuclear, biological, chemical and other deadly materials and their delivery. It should look the organization action and dedication to meet cross-border threats arranged by the terrorist. Forth, terrorism is not an armed forces problem because it is socio-cultural and socio-economic problem. In the regard of counterterrorism strategy, we should combat and isolate the ideology that is not acceptable to present culture or society. We must use all factors of national power, not only armed forces but also economical, political and other types of opinion and pressures. In the concern, we should use hard power as well as soft power because hard power deals with violent armed terrorist and soft power deals with humanely with cultures, traditions and society. Further, the psychological and intellectual aspects of the terrorist and counterterrorism are significant as its physical attribute. Womens empowerment, youth firms, local development initiative and education network must play a significant role with government as a helpful partner. (Singh 2008) These are some more counterterrorist strategies which adopted by India government through several government bodies and agencie s that are following below: State strategies and its intelligence set-up: In the regard of counterterrorist strategies, Indias federal laws have responsibilities to create policing and maintenance of law for individual states. The Indias central government has rights to give advice them about the financial help, training program and develop their professional caliber and share with the intelligence agencies. (Menezes 2003) The national intelligence community: The national intelligence agencies divided into two parts such internal and external agencies. So, ministry of home affairs and intelligence bureau presented the internal agency. And Cabinet secretariats research and analysis wing to protect from terrorist activities of countries people presented the external intelligence agencies. The IB and RAW: The IB consist internal terrorist intelligence and RAW consists the external related intelligence. The DIA collects tactical intelligence in the regard of counterterrorist operation in the specific areas such as Nagaland and Jammu and Kashmir. (Burch 2007) Physical security agencies: The Central Industrial Security Force provides physical security at Indian airport and sensitive areas. The National Security Guards forces provides safety from hijacking the plane activities. Further, Special Protection Group handled prime minister and former prime minister Security which is very necessary in the globalization world. Paramilitary forces: Its play an important role in the counterterrorism strategy. The Border Security Force and Central Reserve Police Force are known as paramilitary forces which help the police in counter-terrorism operation when they called for this specific work. (Amritsar 2010) The Army: Indian government takes army assistance when the paramilitary and the police are not able to protect with a terrorist attacks. Due to large scale of Pakistan infiltration in Jammu and Kashmir, the army plays an important role in this area for counterterrorism operations. India is not only facing terrorism in Jammu and Kashmir, but also a proxy war by the Jihadi representative. (Menezes 2003) In the recent years, there have been two extra counterterrorism strategies following by the Indian governments that are discuss below: Multi-disciplinary centre: It is headed by the experienced IB officer. These kinds of agencies handled intelligence collection work and counterterrorist strategy will work under general umbrella. Ministry of external affairs: This ministry will be responsible for diplomatic aspect of counterterrorism such as other nations on mutual legal help, Pakistans patronization of terrorism, servicing the work of several mixes working groups and processing requests for extradition. (Prakash 2008) Prevention of Terrorism Act (POTA): In 2002, government approved the Prevention of Terrorism Act (POTA) to increasing the government power against terrorism. Through this act, India governments have rights to keep suspected people in custody without any trial. This law was looked as death certificate of crime and terrorism activities, but the law was canceled in 2004 due to allegations that some people are mis-using their power. Although, politicians are wanted to repair the law because of this kinds of activities are raised. Due to POTA act, we are able to take more strict decision against the terrorist such as Kasab. It was the main blamed of Mumbai attack. (Lokaneeta 2011) Further, some states of India such as Karnataka and Maharashtra have some different law. The name of the law was Maharashtra Control of Organized Crime Act (MCOCA) and the Karnataka Control of Organized Crime Act which used to track suspected terrorists. MCOCA is tougher than POTA and it is generally abused by t he scrutiny agencies. Other states such as Rajasthan, Andhra Pradesh, Gujrat and Uttar Pradesh are looking same counterterrorism law. Conclusion From the above discussion, it can be concluded that there are no fast solution for counterterrorism because it is a long term process. There are not single military solutions available for terrorist, secessionist and insurgency problem. Counterterrorism in India needs a comprehensive strategy that covers social, psychological, operational, economical, political and diplomatic issues. Because most of terrorist groups such as Lashkar-e-Taiba, The Communist Party of India, The United Liberation Front of Assam and Jaish-e-Muhammad members are direct or indirect related to society, culture and political. For example kasab was the main accused of Mumbai attacks which belongs to human society and culture, but due to bad guidance they killed many innocent people. So, terrorist is not exactly our problem rather than reason of terrorism is main problem with us. Therefore, when we got the reason behind the terrorism then we would able to make proper counterterrorism strategies for all aspect o f terrorism. It is necessary for the government of the specific region to cooperate, look informed helps from their people, legitimate, provide responsive, build trusted networks and engage closely with international community. References Amritsar, S, 2010, Effect of physical training on pulmonary function tests in border security force trainees of India, J Life Sci, 2(1), 11-15. Borgeson, K, Valeri, R, 2009, Terrorism in America, Jones Bartlett Publisher, Canada. Burch, J, 2007, A domestic intelligence agency for the United States? A comparative analysis of domestic intelligence agencies and their implications for homeland security, DTIC. Curtis, L, 2008, After Mumbai: Time to strengthen USIndia counterterrorism cooperation, Heritage Foundation Backgrounder, 2217. Hutt, M, 2004, Himalayan People's War: Nepal's Maoist Rebellion, Indiana University Press, Bloomington. Kalpan, E, Bajoria, J, 2008, Counterterrorism In India, view 12 January, 2015 from: https://www.cfr.org/india/counterterrorism-india/p11170 Khurshchev, ST, 2009, "HuJI in India: An Assessment," p 182-190. Kraft, K Marks, E, 2013, U.S. Government Counterterrorism: A Guide to Who Does What, CRC Press, Florida. Lokaneeta, J, 2011, Transnational Torture: Law, Violence, and State Power in the United States and India, NYU Press, New York. Marwah, V,2012, India in Turmoil, Rupa Publications, New Delhi. Menezes, L, 2003, Indias Counter-Terrorism Strategy, view 12 January, 2015 from: https://www.rediff.com/news/2003/apr/05spec.htm Mitchell, D, 2008, Bridging Strategic Asia: The United States, Japan, and India, Central for Strategy and International Strategy, Washington. Prakash, V, 2008, Terrorism in India's North-east: A Gathering Storm, Gyan Publishing House, New Delhi. Rana, MA, 2009, Taliban insurgency in Pakistan: A counterinsurgency perspective, Pakistan Institute for Peace Studies, 9-31. Sheehan, IS, 2007, When Terrorism and Counterterrorism Clash: The War on Terror and the Transformation of Terrorist Activity, Cambria Press, New York. Singh, CH, 2008, South Asia Defence And Strategic Year Book, Pentagon Press, New Delhi. Tankel, S, 2009, Lashkar-e-taiba: From 9/11 to Mumbai, Developments in Radicalisation and Political Violence, 6. Tickell, A, 2013, Terrorism, Insurgency and Indian-English Literature, 1830-1947, Routledge, New York.

Writing Types Essays - Writing, Prewriting, Outline, Essay

Writing Types Despite all of the increasing technological advances, writing is still a main form of communication. Beginning in grammar school and continuing through high school and college, thousands of students spend hours preparing essays for class. The majority of students usually begin drafting those essays merely by staring at a blank sheet of paper and contemplating what to write. However, writing essays can be simplified by using four types of prewriting: free writing, clustering, specifying, and outlining. The first type of prewriting is free writing. It is used to help writers select a topic to write about. The key to free writing is to disregard correct spelling and punctuation, and just write down everything that comes to mind. To begin free writing, simply choose a subject and start writing about it. Take nature, for example. The word ?nature? evokes many diverse images. Ranging from outside surroundings, personal relationships with nature, the beach, a beautiful sunset, a peaceful waterfall, or even the many environmental concerns that we are faced with today. Environmental concerns could stem out an excellent idea that could lead to a topic such as the need to recycle. Images of nature can inspire creativity, which leads to a variety of different topics. The next type of prewriting is clustering. Once a topic has been selected, clustering helps to accumulate the essential support for the paper. Clustering begins with a sheet of paper that has only one topic written and circled in the center. Anything that relates to the topic is then written down with a line branching off from the original topic. This process is continued until enough information is brainstormed. If the original topic is movies, the support branches would include different types of movies such as comedy, drama, romance, action, and horror. Then a list of different movies that fall into each one of these categories extends out from the first support branches. A paper is not complete without ample support, and clustering is a great way to gather it. Another type of prewriting is specifying. It is used to change a topic idea to a more specific thesis statement. Simple questions such as who, what, where, when, and why will add more description and detail to the writing. To specify, the topic idea is written down on paper and simple questions are asked to make it more specific. For instance, the topic "Camping is exciting" can be specified into a more descriptive sentence such as: ?Many new and different experiences such as hiking, cooking over an open flame, and sleeping under the night sky are fun to experience when camping in the mountains with friends." The thesis is the most important aspect of an essay, and specifying helps develop a strong thesis statement to be supported throughout the paper. All papers must be organized in a logical order, and outlining is used precisely for this. For example, a process essay tells the steps of how to do something, so chronological order is the best way to organize this type of essay. An outline places the thesis on top and then presents the framework of the essay. The outline for a process essay about how to cook a grilled cheese sandwich would designate the introduction, as Roman numeral one, and then a consecutive Roman numeral for each step of the process. For example, heating the skillet would be Roman numeral two, and gathering the ingredients would be Roman numeral three, and so on. A final Roman numeral would designate the conclusion. Writing will always be a main form of communication. Therefore, students throughout their years of school will still have to compose numerous essays. However, writing those essays can be simplified through prewriting. With the increase in technology, there is an increase in communication. Through Telephones, fax machines, computers, e-mail, and the Internet, communication is made much easier and is used worldwide by many people. However, for students, writing papers will always remain. Although computer assistance is available, papers will always have the need to be organized and thought out. Using free writing, clustering, specifying, and outlining to plan a paper will make writing essays much simpler, and will better ones performance as a writer.

Free Essays on Kluckhohn & Anthropology

Kluckhohn’s Passage of Wisdom In Kluckhohn’s passage he explains the differences and similarities of the worlds cultures. Kluckhohn’s theory is that people act the way they do because that is the way they were brought up. I have a friend that recently went to Africa. He said that the culture over there is extremely different. For example, his sister could not wear shorts because in Africa, women who have clothing showing skin above the knees are considered prostitutes. One day it was extremely hot and she wore shorts. She was approached by at least ten men that day. Mr. Klucklohn talked about a traders wife in the essay. She fed her guests rattlesnake sandwiches. They thought that it was good until they found out that it wasn’t chicken but rattlesnake, at which point they vomited it all out. Kluckhohn thinks that people’s actions are determined by their ancestors’ experience. I disagree with that. Sometimes it is true but only because they were taught that way. Immigrants from another country often bring their culture with them. They teach the culture to their children but usually the family is â€Å"Americanized† by the time the granchildren grow up. I agree with the majority of Kluckhohn’s theories. People are influenced by the cultures that they were raised in.... Free Essays on Kluckhohn & Anthropology Free Essays on Kluckhohn & Anthropology Kluckhohn’s Passage of Wisdom In Kluckhohn’s passage he explains the differences and similarities of the worlds cultures. Kluckhohn’s theory is that people act the way they do because that is the way they were brought up. I have a friend that recently went to Africa. He said that the culture over there is extremely different. For example, his sister could not wear shorts because in Africa, women who have clothing showing skin above the knees are considered prostitutes. One day it was extremely hot and she wore shorts. She was approached by at least ten men that day. Mr. Klucklohn talked about a traders wife in the essay. She fed her guests rattlesnake sandwiches. They thought that it was good until they found out that it wasn’t chicken but rattlesnake, at which point they vomited it all out. Kluckhohn thinks that people’s actions are determined by their ancestors’ experience. I disagree with that. Sometimes it is true but only because they were taught that way. Immigrants from another country often bring their culture with them. They teach the culture to their children but usually the family is â€Å"Americanized† by the time the granchildren grow up. I agree with the majority of Kluckhohn’s theories. People are influenced by the cultures that they were raised in....

Death and the Maiden Ariel Dorfman essays

Death and the Maiden Ariel Dorfman essays Roberto, Paulina and Gerardo as Symbols and Concepts In Death and the Maiden by Ariel Dorfman each of the three characters is extended to serve as a an allegorical concept that Dorfman uses to comment on the relation of past, present and truth in Chile and anywhere that a grave injustice that has occurred in the past still affects the present. The communication and interaction of these characters relates Dorfmans views about healing past injustice and what role truth plays in this process. One way to view Death and the Maiden is as an allegory for the situation in Dorfmans home country, Chile, after the displacement of the dictator Pinochet. The situation presented in the story of a victim and her husband trying to deal with her torture and rape under a previous dictatorship unsure of where the guilty lie is one that would be common in Chile at the time that the story was written. This situation can be extended to include the struggles that the characters undergo throughout the story as they reflect the struggles that Chile itself is undergoing: trying to acknowledge and come to terms with the past, while trying to work to a good future, unsure where the guilty lie, unsure how past hurts can be healed. Each of the characters embody part of Chile itself, Chile is a Victim, living in the past; Chile is an uncertain judge, trying not to sacrifice present stability by bringing up the demons of the past; Chile is the accused, standing trial for past crimes. Dorfman hims elf says, commenting on Death and the Maiden, As I watched with fascination how the [Rettig] commission carried out its difficult task it slowly dawned on me that here might be the key to the unresolved story that had been buzzing inside my head for so many years: the fictitious kidnapping and trial should occur, not in a nation under the boot of a dictator, but in one that was in transition to democracy, where so many Chileans were grappling with the hi...

Boeing Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Boeing - Essay Example ecommendable such as the ideal anonymous channel that does not reveal the identity and the ideal pseudonymous channel that ensures the registration of the members first (N, 2013). In comparison to other firms, the UC mechanisms of protection enhancement in the coverage of the IP networks is more potent (N, 2013). This means that the Boeing Company is experiencing the value of systems whose probability of hacking is zero percent (N, 2013). The chances of hacking in the UC security mechanisms are severely complex in comparison to other security firms (N, 2013). The UC security firm gives Boeing an advantage in low cost video deployment compared to what the other security firms cannot express (N, 2013). The UC security firm has much capability that the Boeing Company has not deployed (N, 2013). As the CIO of the Boeing Company, I would utilize these capabilities to the company’s advantages (N, 2013). These capabilities offered by the UC security mechanism would enhance the security of the technology employed in the Boeing Company (N, 2013). As the CIO, I would ensure that everything is under the security of the UC security firm (N, 2013). N, G. (2013, January 16). Guard Now. Retrieved from UC Berkeley Security: Getting Security Guards for Parties and Events:

Rewrite Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 1

Rewrite - Essay Example It is sponsored by the Pegem Akademi YayÄ ±ncÄ ±lÄ ±k EÄŸitim DanÄ ±Ã…ŸmanlÄ ±k Hizmetleri Tic. Ltd., located in Ankara, Turkey. Its stated aim is â€Å"to serve the needs of researchers and experts in educational sciences and specifically in educational administration, policy, planning, supervision and economics of education† (EÄŸitim Yà ¶netimine, 2012). The source is therefore credible. The second source selected for the topic of Social Media is an article by Rebecca Walker Naylor, Cait Poynor Lamberton and Patricia M. West. It is titled Beyond the "Like" Button: The Impact of Mere Virtual Presence on Brand Evaluations and Purchase Intentions in Social Media Settings, and it was published in the Journal of Marketing in 2012. This source is credible because the journal is long established (for more than 7 decades); it is stated to be a recognized leader in the field, and it is a â€Å"premier, broad-based, scholarly journal of the marketing discipline that focuses on substantive issues in marketing and marketing management† (AMA, 2012). The third source selected for the topic of Work Shop is an article by Haiyan Huang and Zheng Wang. It is titled Solving coupled task assignment and capacity planning problems for a job shop by using a concurrent genetic algorithm, and it was published in the International Journal of Production Research in 2010. This journal is published for researchers around the world interested in production systems and processes (IFPR, 2012). The organisation behind it is The International Foundation for Production Research (IFPR), which has been holding conferences every two years since 1971, and which was founded by a former head of the Production Engineering Department at the University of Birmingham in England. The source is therefore credible. The use of credible sources is very important for academic and professional research because it determines its likelihood of reliability, validity, reputability, and

The Ethics of Hate Essay Example for Free

The Ethics of Hate Essay The First Amendment principles of free speech have been under attack since the Amendment came into being. The very nature of speech gives rise to argument because it is a personal undertaking; something that belongs to the individual alone. An individual’s beliefs can not be judged, and speech is an expression of those beliefs. Thus, the question: Is it wrong to allow speech that strikes at the heart of an individual? The hatefulness of speech is a subjective matter that can not properly be defined by government and, therefore is an unreasonable restriction of first amendment rights. The goal of the free speech doctrine is centered upon an ethical debate; that is, how much freedom should be given to citizens of a free society while still providing a protected environment in which to live? (Weinstein 11) The Constitution is very clear on the right to freedom of expression when it states that, â€Å"Congress shall make no law abridging the freedom of speech. † However, the interpretation of the First Amendment by the Supreme Court in Schenck v. United States put the first real restriction on free speech when it imposed the qualification that speech could not give rise to a â€Å"clear and present danger† (Weinstein 17). This first restriction led to the rule being broadened to such an extent that it caused suppression of unpopular political speech (Weinstein 19). The Supreme Court later narrowed the rule to outlaw any speech that tended to incite dangerous action. Once again, the rule was abused and often used to stifle minority speech, one of the very groups the Amendment was meant to protect. (Weinstein) So, the dilemma has continued and still rages, especially with regard to â€Å"hate† speech. There is no rational argument that hate is good. Yet, when hate is embodied in open speech, is that speech itself the culprit or the speaker? What is hateful to one person may not be to another, so is it the proper thing to do to censor all speech that is interpreted as hateful by anyone? Most authorities agree that, â€Å"[h]ate speech includes the use of hurtful, biased expression; threats of violence based on sex, race, ethnicity, religion and sexual orientation; and offensive songs, jokes or events, such as fraternity slave auctions (Miller, and Andsager). Some of these forms of speech are indeed hurtful, even reprehensible, but at the same time they represent a fundamental truth of our society; individual ideas should not be censored because those in authority find them morally wrong or personally offensive (Weinstein 16). Those that would support a ban on hate speech raise the position that it is for the benefit of society as a whole that restrictions should be imposed. They rightfully point out that hate breeds hate and we, as a community, should take the responsibility of seeing that the spread of hateful beliefs is stopped. Cortese states that, â€Å"[s]ocietys mainstream culture, or a subculture, transmits the building blocks of hate speech to children as much at home as throughout the community† (3). While the goal of living in a society free of discrimination, hate and fear is an admirable one, it can not be achieved by curtailing our civil liberties. Neither can it be attained by smothering the best hope for change – the university and college campuses where traditionally the dramatic transformations of societal norms have always taken place. Restrictive speech codes on college campuses have periodically surfaced, usually during times of civil unrest. However, in the late 1980’s there was an alarming number of universities implementing restrictive codes in some form or another. The proliferation of restrictive campus speech codes was wholly unprecedented: never had there been such strong support for punishing offensive speech (Walker 127). There was such a rise of discriminatory behavior on college campuses that the courts began applying cases outlawing a â€Å"hostile environment† for minorities to the Universities. Even the courts realized, however, that campus speech codes could not be all inclusive and acknowledged that [a]cademic freedom sometimes includes the discussion of controversial subjects such as gay marriage, evolution, or affirmative action (Cortese 2). The very core of our democratic ideals is traced to the free exchange of opinions in our educational environments. If free expression of one’s thoughts can not be safely uttered inside the walls of universities, then we have given up the right chart our own futures; and the ideal society that we all strive will no longer exist. Individual rights are the very essence of our democracy. To unreasonably restrict those rights defeats the its every purpose An ethical responsibility to treat everyone in our society with respect and tolerance most certainly exists, but that respect can not just be for the politically correct groups. It also has to be applied to all those who the majority of us despise in order for it to mean anything. Though `hate speech` is harsh and hurtful, it is protected by the First Amendment and therefore, should not be regulated by the government or college campuses.

lighthod Voyage into the Darkness in Joseph Conrads Heart of Darkness :: Heart Darkness essays

Voyage into the Heart of Darkness The voyage into the "Heart of Darkness" is told to us through the eyes of Charlie Marlow. As Marlow is aboard the "Nellie" he tells his story of expedition and growth. The men on the boat sit still yet bored. Marlow is like an old man sharing a story of his childhood, that for himself may be of great significance, and lead to a lesson, but the children yearn to hear a story of magic, castles and sword fights. Joseph Conrad uses Marlow's character to get across and express his own opinion. The story Marlow shares with the other men, is a story of reflection. It is a mirror, like most experiences are. Experiences in our lives that teach us and reveal something in our lives that had to be fixed. In this case Marlow (or Conrad) uses Africa as the mirror into the hearts of early Europeans that wished to colonize and only help profit the "less unfortunate". What was it exactly that this unchartered land had in store for Marlow? As Marlow tells his story we see and understand the situations Marlow faced. In his first encounter with the tribes men, Marlow steps into a "gloomy circle of some inferno", where dark figures surrounded him. He compares this incident with that of a massacre, the starving and wasting bodies lying in "confusion". Marlow then encounters a young black boy with a piece of white cotton string tied around his neck. This simple piece of string symbolizes the young boy's innocence. Shortly after Marlow offers the boy a biscuit, another one of the shapes approaches the river , crawling, and drinks of the water. Marlow could not stand the sight of the suffering any longer. It was as though he felt what they were feeling and just when he was willing to help, he stands up and walks away. The path where Marlow meets those that had traveled to an unknown land, and walked uncertain of where they where but sure of what they wanted, started here. The patchwork young man ,( the Russian) is the only one in the jungle without an interest in gaining something out of the jungle, except for his own "breathing space". His devotion for Kurtz is an admiration out of ignorance and perhaps even innocence. Through the Russian Marlow learns a great deal about who Kurtz really is.

Anney as a Mother: A Role Dismally Played

Bastard out of Carolina is a novel written by Dorothy Allison; it is a poignant story which speaks about love, family, pain, suffering—and the ultimate price of happiness. In this story, it is seen that the pursuit of happiness sometimes may result in the pain of other individuals: particularly the protagonist's pain—which is indirectly inflicted by her own mother.The story is told by a girl named Bone (whose real name is Ruth Anne), and she tells the reader about her life, and the suffering which she had to endure at as very young and tender age.The story opens with a description of Bone's birth, her mother's coma, and the fact that Bone is an illegitimate child (Millard 155). Bone's life, of course, was interrelated with the lives of her mother, Anney, and her mother's lover, Glen. Bone would have never been who she was if it were not for her mother and mother's lover. However, given the viewpoints of her own mother, Bone's experiences were inevitable. One of the rele vant passages in the story which tells the reader an important fact that pertains to the recurring theme of the story is the following: â€Å"There was only one way to fight off the pity and hatefulness.Mama learned to laugh with them, before they could laugh at her, and to do it so well no one could be sure what she really thought or felt. She got a reputation for an easy smile and a sharp tongue, and using one to balance the other, she seemed friendly but distant† (Allison 10). Analysis of the Passage Relevance of Passage to the Story Although the story indeed, seems to be about the life of the narrator, if one does a careful analysis, it could be seen that the story primarily focuses on the narrator's relationship with her mother.Bone's life, in a sense, is largely affected by her relationship to her mother. As seen in the previous passage, Anney was not exactly a woman who has found happiness. She longs for happiness, yes, and this passage shows that Anney's search for ha ppiness amidst the â€Å"pity and hatefulness† (Allison 10) has cost her more than she would ever bargain for. This passage is particularly relevant in understanding the story, since this passage shows how Anney's search for happiness as an individual has ultimately led to the misery of her own daughter, Bone.The story is a heart-wrenching one, and if one would try to analyze the details of the story, the story is heart-wrenching, not merely because Bone was physically and sexually abused by her stepfather, but also because her mother was a woman who was not able to protect her from such events because of she was a woman who preferred to turn away from problems rather than face them head-on. It is also seen in the story that since Anney was not of much help to her daughter, Bone chose not to disclose to her the horrors which she experienced in the hands of her stepfather.In this particular line, Bone says that â€Å"I lived in a world of shame. I hid my bruises as if they we re evidence of crimes I had committed. I didn't tell Mama. I couldn't tell Mama† (Allison 113). How horrible must it be, if one cannot be able to seek help from one's own mother. Bone was not able to do so, since her mother tends to pretend that everything will turn out fine, and that they must merely laugh about their troubles before someone else laughs at them. It is, of course, necessary to state that one must not take the word laugh literally.It could mean that one must not be fazed by one's troubles, and continue to search for happiness. However, in this case, turning a blind eye in Bone's troubles did not help her at all; Anney merely made things worse for her own daughter by not asserting that Glen should treat her humanely. In the end of the story, much to the annoyance of the reader, Anney chose to be with Bone's abusive stepfather, rather than be with Bone, who is her child (Linkon 275). This ending only proves that Anney was a woman who preferred to find her own hap piness, rather than the happiness of her own child.It cannot be argued that the reader would feel a certain animosity towards her character, for how can she love the man who has continuously hurt her child? Style and Presentation of Text If one is to read the aforementioned passage carefully, it will be seen that the author is using symbolism to send her message to the reader. As discussed in the penultimate paragraph of the previous section, Anney's way of dealing with troubles has an effect on Bone's life.It is not enough to say that Anney laughed at her troubles before anyone could laugh before her—what she did was that she turned her back against these problems and refused to address them appropriately. In fact, when Bone was brought to the hospital for having broken her coccyx when Glen beat her, Anney was desperately trying to shield the fact that Bone was beaten up by anyone (Allison 113). Therefore, given this information, it could be said that when Bone stated that A nney was a woman who preferred to â€Å" learned to laugh with them, before they could laugh at her† (Allison 10), Bone actually meant something deeper.This description of Anney in the aforementioned passage is a symbolism, and must not be taken literally; it was a mere symbolism of the fact that Anney was actually a woman who preferred to convince herself that nothing was wrong, and that, perhaps by believing that nothing is wrong, then nothing would eventually be wrong. Since Anney is trying find her own happiness, she tries to escape reality, and eventually is forced to continuously hurt her child in the process. SummaryThe aforementioned passage is significant to the novel, for it tells the reader that the life of the narrator may have been different if only her mother chose to fight for her—instead of trying to shield the truth from prying eyes and claiming that nothing is wrong with their family. While it is relevant to state that Anney had loved Bone in the best way that she could, Anney, nevertheless, was not as willing to give up the man she supposedly loves. Anney knows how to fight back and protect her children, but she was not able to do so fully, for she refused to fully accept that some things cannot be laughed at.There are a lot of ways a mother could have shown her love for her child, but in many ways, the way she showed her loved in the novel was one of the most eccentric ways that could hurt one's child. In the end, she eventually realized that she had to let go of one of them, and she did let go—of her own child. However, her decision was too late, for the damage was done, and Bone would forever have memories where her own mother refused to see the light for her. Overall, the chosen passage was a good symbolism and it provides the reader with thoughtful insight regarding Bone's mother and how she has affected her life.It may not be obvious at first, but the passage is able to convey something metaphorical which is vital in understanding the life of Bone, a girl who longed for her mother to finally wake up from her trance and realize that it was time to move on instead of insisting that the family they had was real. Works Cited Allison, Dorothy. Bastard out of Carolina. New York: Penguin Books USA, Inc. , 1992. Print. Linkon, Sherry Lee. Teaching Working Class. Boston: The University of Massachussetts Press, 1999. Print. Millard, Kenneth. Coming of Age in Contemporary American Fiction. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press Ltd. , 2007. Print.

Catcher in the Rye Plot Essay

When someone is young, they tend to have innocence about them. As children grow up, they no longer possess this natural innocence. Exposure to all of the hatred in the world causes this loss. Holden Caulfield realizes this simple fact, as he himself grows up, and has a difficult time with the change. He experiences problems with communication as well as his school work. A common theme used throughout The Catcher in the Rye has to do with contradictions Holden makes. In J.D. Salinger’s The Catcher in the Rye, first person point of view is used to highlight contradictions Holden makes throughout the novel. Holden’s first contradiction becomes clear in the first few chapters of the book. When it comes to attending movies, he claims that he does not enjoy the company of Robert Ackley or going to see movies. Yet, he attends a show with Ackley. On Friday night, while Stradlater was on a date with Jane, Holden made his own plans. Holden, Mal Brossard, and Ackley went out for a burger and a movie. â€Å"†¦ decided we’d take a bus into Agerstown and have a hamburger and maybe see a lousy movie.†(36) Due to the use of first person point of view, we find out Holden’s inner thoughts instead of just relying on his actions. Also, later on in the novel, Holden goes to yet another movie, despite his claim of not enjoying them. While in the theater, he becomes extremely annoyed with the woman sitting next to him. She cried throughout the entire movie over, in Holden’s words, phony stuff. â€Å"†¦ there was a lady sitting next to me that cried all through the goddam picture. The phonier it got, the more she cried.†(139) We learn about Holden’s inner thoughts because of first person point of view. We can find another contradiction dealing with Holden’s hatred of movies. When he attends the first movie, he goes with Robert Ackley, despite the fact that Holden previously told us that he dislikes him. Holden says that he finds Ackley to be completely annoying. However, he was the one who invited Ackley along. â€Å"I asked Mal if he minded if Ackley came along with us†¦ Mal said he didn’t mind but that he wasn’t too crazy about the idea.†(36) This quote helps show another contradiction of Holden’s through Salinger’s use of first person point of view. Holden also sought out Ackley as a form of comfort after his fight with Stradlater. Holden had no one else to turn to after the fight except for Ackley. â€Å"I had a feel Ackley’d probably heard all the racket and was awake, so I went through the shower curtains and into his room† (46). Salinger again uses first person point of view to show even more of this contraction. Another contradiction that can be found has to do with Sally Hayes. Although Holden calls Sally a phony, he still decides to spend a night with her. In his head, he continues to say how much he hates Sally and how much she annoys him, yet he expresses that he loves her. Holden extends his contradiction by necking with Sally in the back of the cab, and still continues to think about the fact that he hates her. â€Å"I told her I loved her and all. It was a lie, of course.†(125) Holden’s actual thoughts about Sally stick out from the other statements through the use of first person point of view. Holden even goes as far as trying to run away with Sally. He expresses a want of running away and living on their own, right after calling her a pain in the ass. â€Å"I was getting excited as hell the more I thought about it, and I sort of reached over and took old Sally’s goddam hand. What a goddam fool I was.† (132) This contradiction was shown through the use of first person point of view. First person point of view is used by J.D. Salinger to show Holden’s contradictions in the Catcher in the Rye. Holden contradicts himself on a regular basis; it leads him to believe that he is crazy. Due to the fact that he has a problem with communicating to others, letting his feelings out became a challenge. His biggest battle involved his inner thoughts, and the words he actually expressed out loud. We can find most of his contradictions through this battle of words.

Qué hacer si turista recibe una infracción de tránsito

Quà © hacer si turista recibe una infraccià ³n de trnsito Los turistas en Estados Unidos pueden manejar durante su visita utilizando su carnet de manejar, aunque es recomendable que tambià ©n cuenten con la versià ³n internacional del mismo. Si durante su estancia en Estados Unidos los turistas son multados cuando manejan un vehà ­culo propio o rentado deben pagar la infraccià ³n o enfrentarse a las posibles consecuencias graves de falta de pago. Causas por las que se puede recibir un ticket de trnsito en EE.UU. Las infracciones de trnsito, conocidas tambià ©n como multas o tickets de trfico en algunos paà ­ses hispanohablantes pueden recibirse en Estados Unidos por razones muy diferentes  como, por ejemplo, excederse en el là ­mite de velocidad, no respetar las seà ±ales de trfico o aparcar en un lugar no autorizado. Cabe destacar que en Estados Unidos el reglamento de circulacià ³n es diferente de estado a estado, por lo que actos que en un lugar son legales en otros pueden dar lugar a una multa. Por esta razà ³n se recomienda informarse sobre las particularidades del cà ³digo de circulacià ³n del estado en el que se maneja. En todos los casos, si se recibe un ticket de trnsito, el folleto de multa contendr, al menos, dos datos muy importantes: Informacià ³n sobre cà ³mo y dà ³nde presentarse en Corte para contestar los cargos, si el chofer no acepta la multa.La cantidad a pagar, el plazo para efectuar el pago y cà ³mo se puede hacerlo: en persona, money order, tarjeta de crà ©dito o dà ©bito, etc. A diferencia de lo que ocurre con los residentes en el estado en el que han multado, los turistas extranjeros no tienen, en la mayorà ­a de los casos, la opcià ³n de tomar un curso a cambio de ver reducido el importe de la multa. Adems, si se acepta la multa y no se contesta, se va a tener que pagar la cantidad completa. Presentarse a Corte para contestar la infraccià ³n de trnsito Es una opcià ³n vlida. Pero hay que tener en cuenta: si se va a estar en Estados Unidos el dà ­a de la citacià ³nsi se tiene algo que decir para argumentar que la multa no es correctasi se quiere meter en estos problemas cuando se est de vacaciones El dilema de pagar o no pagar el ticket de trfico Muchos turistas piensan que nada les puede pasar si no pagan la infraccià ³n de trnsito. Pero antes de tomar esa opcià ³n conviene tener presentes los siguientes puntos: En primer lugar, si en el futuro se regresa al mismo condado en el que pusieron una multa que se dejà ³ sin pagar y tampoco se presentà ³ a Corte para contestarla, el turista puede ser arrestado. En segundo lugar, adems de tener problemas si se regresa al condado en el que se cometià ³ la infraccià ³n de trfico que no se quiere pagar, es posible que se tengan en otros condados e, incluso, en otros estados. Esto es asà ­ porque en Estados Unidos es relativamente comà ºn que los Departamentos de Vehà ­culos notifiquen al resto que ha habido un problema de trfico con un determinado turista. Uno de los condados que asà ­ lo hacen es, por ejemplo, Miami-Dade. Hay que tener en consideracià ³n que, dependiendo del tipo de infraccià ³n y del condado en el que se cometià ³, se puede emitir una orden de arresto. Y si esto sucede, el turista puede ser arrestado en un condado distinto al que cometià ³ la infraccià ³n. Por à ºltimo, y en tercer lugar, no pagar una multa de trfico puede tener consecuencias migratorias. Como carcter general hay que decir que la CBP –la autoridad a cargo de los pasos migratorios– no va a arrestar a ningà ºn turista que quiere ingresar de nuevo a EE.UU. porque tiene una multa de trnsito sin pagar. Sin embargo, existe una excepcià ³n a esa regla general y son los casos en los que se ha emitido una orden de arresto (warrant, en inglà ©s) originada en una multa. En estos casos la CBP puede ejecutarla y proceder a la detencià ³n del turista. Y aà ºn en los casos en los que no lo haga, sà ­ que puede decidir hacer una inspeccià ³n mucho ms exhaustiva en el paso migratorio. Como mà ­nimo, va a ser molesto. Y llevado a extremos puede dar lugar a que no le dejen entrar al paà ­s en base a algo que se encuentra en el sistema informtico. Adems, cabe destacar que los datos informticos de las Aduanas de EE.UU. cada vez son ms completos y distintas bases de datos de diferentes autoridades estn cada vez ms integradas. Como consecuencia de ello, la informacià ³n con la que cuenta el oficial migratorio de la CBP en los puntos de ingreso al paà ­s es cada vez ms completa. Cabe destacar que es recomendable seguir el consejo pà ºblico de la propia CBP en este punto. Sugiere fuertemente que se paguen las multas de trfico, especialmente las que tuvieron lugar cuando el auto estaba en marcha (moving violations). Es decir, es peor un ticket por exceso de velocidad que otro por aparcar incorrectamente. Finalmente, no olvidar que en la mayorà ­a de los casos el turista que comete una infraccià ³n est identificado, bien porque fue parado por un agente que le pidià ³ y verificà ³ sus datos o bien porque el auto es rentado y la agencia de alquiler tiene los datos que ligan al auto con una persona, su pasaporte, su licencia de manejar y su tarjeta de crà ©dito. Cà ³mo pagar los tickets de trnsito en EE.UU. No hay una regla à ºnica que aplique a todo el territorio de EE.UU. Por lo tanto, es obligatorio verificar en el folleto o en la pgina web de la autoridad que multà ³ la forma de pago. Si se decide pagar digitalmente tener en cuenta que es posible que la multa no aparezca en el sistema hasta 24-48 horas despuà ©s de haber tenido lugar el incidente. En muchas ocasiones es posible pagar por telà ©fono empleando una tarjeta de crà ©dito. Asegurarse de pagar dentro de plazo. Es comà ºn que se den 30 dà ­as para el pago, pero puede ser diferente. Finalmente, guardar copia de haber pagado o prueba digital del pago. 8 consejos sobre manejar en EE.UU. mientras se est como turista Para garantizar una visita sin sorpresas desagradables es conveniente seguir los siguientes consejos. En primer lugar, las reglas de trfico cambian de estado a estado. Se pueden consultar en la pgina web del Departamento de Vehà ­culos a Motor. Pueden ser incluso muy diferentes. En segundo lugar, en Estados Unidos son infracciones muy serias aquellas en las que el chofer est intoxicado (drogas o alcohol). Las reglas son muy estrictas. Todos los asuntos relacionados con drogas pueden tener, adems, consecuencias migratorias muy graves. En tercer lugar, si se maneja, no se habla con el celular ni se envà ­an mensajes de texto. Son tambià ©n infracciones graves. En cuarto lugar, es recomendable asegurarse de tener un buen seguro. En quinto lugar, en EE.UU. el seguro es para el chofer. No para el auto. Por lo que si varios miembros de una familia van a manejar, cada uno debe tener su seguro. En sexto lugar, no manejar el auto de un ciudadano o de un residente sin antes haber llamado a la aseguradora para incluirse en el seguro. En sà ©ptimo lugar, si se ingresa a Estados Unidos un auto  con placas mexicanas asegurarse de cumplir con todas las leyes americanas, especialmente si se viaja a lugares alejados de la frontera. Finalmente y en octavo lugar, es aconsejable contar con un permiso de manejar internacional, pero no es obligatorio. En todo caso, no sustituye al original del conductor, que sà ­ es obligatorio. Se recomienda llevar los dos ya que el internacional incluye informacià ³n en inglà ©s. Puntos clave: turistas en EE.UU. y tickets de trnsito En Estados Unidos, las reglas de trfico son diferentes de estado a estado. Deben respetarse las del estado en la que se est manejando.Si se recibe una multa de trfico, à ©sta se puede contestar a pagar.Se puede pagar el ticket de trfico de diferentes formas, segà ºn indica el papel de la multa. Como regla general se admite pago en persona, money order o tarjeta de crà ©dito o dà ©bito. Las reglas dependen del lugar en el que se emitià ³ la multa.Si no se paga una multa, el condado puede emitir una orden de arresto. Algunos condados notifican la orden de arresto a otros condados, incluso en otros estados. Si se emite una orden de arresto puede haber problemas en el paso migratorio la prà ³xima vez que se desea ingresar a EE.UU.Las multas por acciones cuando el auto est en marcha son ms graves. Es decir, es peor una multa por exceso de velocidad que otra por parquear mal.Si alcohol o drogas son parte de la multa, es conveniente aconsejarse con un abogado migratorio. Este es un artà ­culo informativo. No es asesorà ­a legal.

Ratio Analysis And Overview Accounting Essay Essays

Ratio Analysis And Overview Accounting Essay Essays Ratio Analysis And Overview Accounting Essay Essay Ratio Analysis And Overview Accounting Essay Essay Ratio analysis is the most widely used technique for construing and comparing fiscal studies. Besides, ratios are utile for the intent of comparing public presentation from twelvemonth to twelvemonth and the public presentation of different companies given that their sum figures ever differ in magnitude. It s indispensable to observe that the aggregation of ratios on a systematic footing allows tendencies to emerge and throws into alleviation the significance of alterations indicated by the analysis of current events. Sing the fact that the hereafter is unsure, covering with ratios has to be merged with its past behavior therefore enabling future alterations be predicted. Hence the bottom line is, tendencies indicated by ratios are of great importance in doing valuable anticipations. Therefore in ratio analysis, it is nonmeaningful to see the public presentation of a company on twelvemonth or non comparing the ratio with other companies. Hence to do ratios mea ningful you ve got to compare it with old twelvemonth s ratios and even compare with your rivals. Ratio analysis is the most widely used technique for construing and comparing fiscal studies. Besides, ratios are utile for the intent of comparing public presentation from twelvemonth to twelvemonth and the public presentation of different companies given that their sum figures ever differ in magnitude. It s indispensable to observe that the aggregation of ratios on a systematic footing allows tendencies to emerge and throws into alleviation the significance of alterations indicated by the analysis of current events. Sing the fact that the hereafter is unsure, covering with ratios has to be merged with its past behavior therefore enabling future alterations be predicted. Hence the bottom line is, tendencies indicated by ratios are of great importance in doing valuable anticipations. Therefore in ratio analysis, it is nonmeaningful to see the public presentation of a company on twelvemo nth or non comparing the ratio with other companies. Hence to do ratios meaningful you ve got to compare it with old twelvemonth s ratios and even compare with your rivals. Consequently, in this analysis the fiscal public presentation of Hammerson plc will be evaluated and discussed sing the two latest old ages of Hammerson fiscal statements that is 2008 and 2009.This will be done utilizing its ratios classified under profitableness, efficiency, investing and liquidness. In this same analysis attending will be given on the restrictions of ratio analysis being used as a tool to measure the fiscal public presentation of Hammerson. As a beginning of research, more visible radiation will be given as a prognosis for Hammerson net income warning and particular events ; this is to buttress this analysis. Consequently, in this analysis the fiscal public presentation of Hammerson plc will be evaluated and discussed sing the two latest old ages of Hammerson fiscal statements that is 2008 and 2009.This will be done utilizing its ratios classified under profitableness, efficiency, investing and liquidness. In this same analysis attending will be given on the restri ctions of ratio analysis being used as a tool to measure the fiscal public presentation of Hammerson. As a beginning of research, more visible radiation will be given as a prognosis for Hammerson net income warning and particular events ; this is to buttress this analysis. Subsequently, ratios drawn from balance sheets, hard currency flow statement and net income and loss statement will be calculated. Subsequently, ratios drawn from balance sheets, hard currency flow statement and net income and loss statement will be calculated. Hammerson PLC Hammerson PLC Liquidity ratios20092008 Current ratio: Current assets374.7190.3 Current liabilities 280.8 253.8 = 1.3 to 1 = 0.7 to 1 Acid ratio: Currents assets- stocks the same as current ratio since no stocks Current liabilities Investing Ratios Net incomes per portion ( EPS ) : Net incomes ? 100 575 ?100 421 ? 100 Shares 136.8 426 =136.8p = 98.8p Gaining output: EPS ? 100 136.8 ? 100 98.8? 100 Monetary value per portion 334 277 = 40.95 % = 35.66 % Dividend per portion ( DPS ) : Dividend 42.7 ? 100 46.7 ?100 Ordinary portion capital 174.2 ? 4 72.7 ? 4 = 6.1 P = 16.1 P Dividend output: DPS ? 1006.1 ? 10016.1 ?100 Monetary value per portion 334 277 = 1.82 =5.8 Price/ gaining ratio: Monetary value per portion334277 EPS 136.8 98.8 =2.44 = 2.8 Efficiency ratios20092008 Debt ratio: Entire liabilities2719.43484.2 Entire plus 5337.1 7485.7 = 0.5 = 0.47 Equity ratio: Stockholder financess2546.72820.6 Entire assets 5337.1 7485.7 = 0.477 = 0.376 Debt to equity ratio: Entire debt2626.13339.6 Shareholder financess 2546.7 2820.6 = 1.03 = 1.18 Entire debt to entire plus: Debt + current liabilities ? 1002626.1 + 280.8 ? 1003339.6+253.8 ?100 Entire assets 5337.1 7485.7 = 54.47 % = 48 % Harmonizing to Glautier E and Underdown B, company fiscal public presentation has two facets which are of involvement to investors. First, the fiscal public presentation may be assessed by mention to its ability to bring forth net income hence in this instance ratios of fiscal efficiency focal point on net income and gross revenues and net income and assets employed. Second, the company s fiscal public presentation may be assessed in footings of the value of its portions to investors therefore ratios of fiscal public presentation focal point on gaining per portion, dividend output and the price/earning ratios. In this visible radiation and in conformity with the liquidness ratio, Hammerson current assets were more sufficient to cover its current liabilities by a factor of 1.3 to 1 in 2009 but dropped drastically in 2008 wherein Hammerson current assets were non able to cover its current liabilities. An review of the equity falling due within one twelvemonth shows the 2nd largest point after portion premium is for militias ( ?854, 700, 000 at 30th June 2009 and ? 68, 800, 000 for 30th June 2008 ) . Hammerson had ?68, 300, 000 of hard currency at bank on the 30th of June 2009 and ?38,300, 000 on the 30th of June 2008, a decrease of ?30, 500, 000, so it could look to hold adequate hard currency at the terminal to pay for its militias. Apart from militias Hammerson had accumulations every bit good, ? 21, 300, 300 for 30th June 2009 and ?21, 600, 000, this shows a decrease of ?300, 000, So we can presume that sing Hammerson hard currency at bank could cover both militias and accumulations. Howe ver, the point portion premium was instead traveling to cut down Hammerson hard currency at bank. Apparently, Hammerson appears to hold invested good because the hard currency flow statement shows that ?264, 200, 200 for 30th June 2009 and ?74, 100, 000 for 30th June 2008 as shutting hard currency and sedimentation. This decidedly had a valuable consequence on the hard currency flow in both old ages. Looking at the efficiency ratio, there is an addition from June 2008 to June 2009 in Hammerson ability to protect its creditors and how they can go on to merchandise on equity. The equity ratio of 0.376 for June 2008 and 0.477 for June 2009 hence we can state Hammerson can increase their extent of trading on equity because it s profitable. But the gearing state of affairs of Hammerson is hapless therefore demoing they have to borrow less and increase the capital invested by their stockholder. The tendency of the geartrain state of affairs for the two old ages shows that its unprofitable relying on adoptions. This genuinely seen by the per centum of financess Hammerson provided by creditors that is 48 % for 30th June 2008 and 54.47 % for 30th June 2009. There has being an addition in Hammerson profitableness shown by an addition in its net incomes per portion of 136.8p ( increase30th June 2009 and 98.8p for 30th June 2008 ) . Unfortunate the Price/earning ratios has dropped from ( 2.44 to 2.8 ) . Looking at the dividend ( 42.7 at 2009 and 46.7 at 2008 ) hence demoing a bead on the dividend thereby literally turn outing that the company has had a policy of merely paying a little proportion of dividends. This could therefore bring force per unit area from stockholders to increase the degree of dividends paid out but evidently the impact on hard currency flow would hold to be considered really earnestly. Accounting to Dyson, he suggests that the four methods of ratio analysis are interconnected. He thinks so because a extremely efficient company is besides a profitable one but it is besides suggested that its success has caused it to run into hard currency flow jobs. The market will entree its future public presentation and hence its investing potency. Hence the investing ratios should reflect satisfactory profitableness indexs or any liquidness jobs. Even though all the indexs are satisfactory, the investing indexs may be weak, perchance because the market thinks that the company has passed its extremum. Although ratio analysis is a tool used to measure the fiscal public presentation of a company, it s got some pitfalls/limitations which are indispensable in this analysis. When we take a expression at the fiscal statement provided by Hammerson it has been summarised go forthing off the profit/loss statement doing it impossible to cipher any of the profitableness ratios hence it does non give a true image of the company. Besides, if ratio analysis is used to two companies at that place becomes a job as no two companies will hold the same fiscal and concern hazard profile hence ratios ca nt be used to measure the public presentation of the two companies. For case, one company may be able to obtain bank loans at reduced rates and may demo high geartrain degrees while as another may non be successful in obtaining inexpensive rates and it may demo that it is runing at low pitching degree. The alterations in accounting criterions besides act as restriction to ratio analysis because different accounting criterions offers standard ways of recognising, mensurating and showing fiscal minutess. Any alteration in the criterions will impact the coverage of company and finally its comparism of consequences over different old ages. This has the same with different accounting policies that is the pick of accounting policies may falsify inter company comparings. For case IAS 16 allows assets to be based on either revalue sum or at depreciated historical cost. The concern may choose non to appreciate its plus because by making so the depreciation charge is traveling to be high and will ensue in lower net income. Decision devising is non hapless taking into consideration the historical cost. This is because where historical cost convention is used ; plus ratings in the balance sheet could be misdirecting. Ratios based on this information will non be really utile for determination devising. Furthermore, ratio analysis can non be used in instances where different companies have different capital constructions and sizes. To do comparing when 1 is wholly equity oriented and the other is a geared company, it becomes hard to do a comparing. Monetary value alterations besides have a function to play every bit far as the restrictions of ratio analysis are concerned. Inflation renders comparings of consequences over clip misleading as fiscal figures will non be within the same degrees of buying power. Changes in consequences over clip may demo as if the endeavor has improved its public presentation and place when in fact after seting for inflationary alterations it will demo the different image. As a decision, Ratio analysis is utile, but analysts should be cognizant of these jobs and do accommodations as necessary. Ratios analysis conducted in a mechanical, unreflective mode is unsafe, but if used intelligently and with good opinion, it can supply utile penetrations into the house s operations. The president said, The first half of the twelvemonth was a period of vigorous activity following which the company is now in a strong fiscal place. Looking frontward, we will concentrate on the four key countries. . First, our investing portfolio is of the really highest quality, consisting premier retail and office assets in the UK and France. We will actively pull off the portfolio to better the income and guarantee it is good positioned to profit from a recovery in markets. Second, our recent developments have the possible to be some of our best executing assets over the medium-term, and we will go on to concentrate on allowing the staying infinite. Third, we are prosecuting the planning and design elements of the development grapevine to guarantee we can work these undertakings when conditions permit. Fourth, we intend to take advantage of chances presented by the current markets, including recycling capital into investings offering higher returns. Hammerson are doing encouraging advancement in allowing our major developments, the last of which, Union Square in Aberdeen, will open in the fall. Approximately 67 % of the strategy s rental income has been secured or is in canvassers custodies. In the City of London, 60 Thread Needle Street and 125 Old Broad Street are severally 23 % and 75 % Lashkar-e-Taiba, with a farther 44 % of income at 60 Thread needle Street in canvassers custodies. Gross income will turn well as a consequence of late contracted rentals at these and other developments. This is a bow dramatis personae Hammerson upcoming particular events for this twelvemonth. Besides, Hammerson has received dainties in its fiscal place sing the fact that is has got a bead in its net income degree from 2008 to 2009 ; this is shown by a bead in its earning per portion for the two twelvemonth. Concerning Hammerson current portion monetary value of 379.97p demoing a bead of 9p hence a dainty to its future net incomes every bit good since there will be considerable bead in the figure of stockholders that earlier. In a concluding analysis and to reason every bit good, I think ratio analysis is a good to measure the fiscal public presentation of a company but should take some facts into consideration when analyzing. Furthermore, the tendency shown after the ratios were calculated was in little conformity with the president statement refering its profitableness and investing of the two old ages in inquiry. Mention J. R. Dyson ( 2005 ) . Accounting for non- accounting pupils. The Prentice Hall, 6th Edition. P 275 M W E Glautier and B Underdown ( 2007 ) . Accounting Theory and Practice. The Prentice Hall, 7TH Edition P 252 BILIOGRAPHY Elliot Barry and Elliot Jamies ( 2008 ) Financial Accounting and Reporting, ( 12th Edition ) Prentice Hall Wood, Frank and Sangster, Alan ( 2008 ) Business Accounting 1, ( 11th edition ) Prentice hall.

Is it possible to achieve belonging or cultural acceptance without a Essay

Is it possible to achieve belonging or cultural acceptance without a sense of individuality - Essay Example (Grammich, Clifford A.. 2010, 14) The question that one would want to ask is whether it is possible that one would be accepted in a group without losing their individuality. Responding to this message requires appreciation of the fact that being accepted in the group while one is individuated will mean to be accepted in the group without conforming to the norms of that particular group. The possibility that individuals would conform to group norm depend on a number of factors’ first, the group cohesiveness. This is the degree to which individuals are attracted to the group and the benefits that are drawn from that group. The size of the group would also determine whether individuals would conform or not. Smaller groups tend to pile a lot of pressure for conformity than large groups. The concept of individualism has been studied in details by two main theorists, Locke and Mills. According to Locke, individualism has been overcome by the pressure particularly that of the government. He suggests that government is a necessary evil that rope people together to conform. His view of individual’s conformity is authoritarian. Mills however reveals that individualism was grounded on theories of pleasure and pain. He suggests hat individuals are the arbiters of their own actions and therefore they are considered to be one of the strongest  proponents for liberalism, checked only by his harm principle. (Mills, Gordon H, 26) Grammich, Clifford A.. 2010 U.S. religion census: religious congregations & membership study : an enumeration by nation, state, and county based on data reported for 236 religious groups. Kansas City, Mo.: Association of Statisticians of American Religious Bodies, 2012.

Critically evaluate the significance of leadership as it relates to Assignment

Critically evaluate the significance of leadership as it relates to driving the culture of an organisation. To support your anal - Assignment Example Leadership is usually associated with motivation; the incentive theory suggests that the employee will increase their efficiency if they are offered incentives (Handy, 2007). However, certain theorists believed that employees are often driven by economic needs which are also known as rational assumptions (Handy, 2007). Management is a logical process which requires the emotional intelligence of the manager to handle the human resources of the organization. Leadership and Management are interrelated but cannot be used interchangeably and there are three dimensions of leadership which is needed for effective management which are planning, negotiation and rewarding. Managers are concerned with the achievement of targets; however leaders are concerned with fresh approaches of how to manage the employees of the organization through inspiration and motivation. Theories related to satisfaction of the worker are very limited; a satisfied worker may not work harder but he/ she tends to stay l onger in the existing organization (Handy, 2007). As per author Kotter, management is about dealing with the complexity of the problems whereas leadership is about coping with change and bringing order and consistency in the organization (Sadler, 2003). The difference between management and leadership was first defined by theorist James McGregnor in the year 1978 (Sadler, 2003). The theory laid emphasis on the difference between transactional and transformational leadership. Transactional leadership occurs when the manager takes the initiative in offering some form of satisfaction in return for something valued (Sadler, 2003). Managers who exhibit the transactional leadership skills are usually associated with ability to attain results and solve problems through proper planning, organizing, directing and controlling and work methodically within the structure and the boundary of the organization. Organizational culture and transformational leadership are interrelated and also has a s ignificant impact on the organizational effectiveness. Transformational leadership qualities lead to excellent performance of the employees which are beyond the expectations of the organization. As per authors Denison and Mishra, there are usually four cultural traits that are related positively with the organizational performance which are involvement, consistency, participation and normative integration (Xenikou and Simosi, 2006). Managers following transformational leadership skill promote an environment that helps in achievement of high goals. Transformational leadership is mainly concerned with the intellectual simulation, accomplishment, and individual consideration. In addition it was also proved that there are certain organizations which have certain group norms that help in promoting self actualization, participation in decision making, moral and social support, cooperation etc. The organizational culture theory as proposed by Cook and Rousseau suggests that culture is comp osed of the shared values of a social group acquired through socialization process and can be acquired through socialization process and exposure to variety of culture bearing elements (Xenikou and Simosi, 2006). These culture bearing element constitute of social interaction, employee behaviour and their performance.

Implications of Leadership and Ethics on Organizational Behaviour Assignment

Implications of Leadership and Ethics on Organizational Behaviour - Assignment Example However, unlike most leaders I do not have an outgoing style or a sense of humor. My personal leadership effectiveness is perfect; however, this trait somehow affects it. To ensure that I leverage my strengths, I plan to focus more on past successful leaders and try to determine how they made their achievements. Additionally, I plan to put my strengths in every bit of practice so as to enhance them. Changing my attitude and personality in relation to my weaknesses is the only way through which I can eliminate the weaknesses I have. The only barrier to implementing these plans may be my dedication and determination to implementing them. However, I believe I have all the space and time to implement these development plans. Loyalty and respect is a key value that shapes my leadership behavior. My loyalty and respect to the organization where I work has not only improved my leadership behavior but has also enhanced my social responsibility, and help my motivate employees working under me. In addition, as a value, I often base my decisions on values and not beliefs. I believe values surpass both experiences and contexts. Therefore, the decisions I make for the organization are determined by my values and not beliefs. A reflection on Henry Mintzberg’s literary work â€Å"Beyond Selfishness† brings about the notion of a heroic manager and an engaged manager. For one to be a Heroic Manager they have to depict some form of perfection and excellence. For managers, the drive to being heroes simply involves differentiating themselves, to be who they can be. Managers who act as role models to certain individuals may still be considered heroic managers by those individuals. Being a heroic manager enables one to lead the people who admire them. In contrast, being more of a hero may become counterproductive, particularly if it dis-empowers your subjects. Generally, for mangers, occasional heroic acts may help their subjects feel they can imitate and depend on

Music-Induced Affect as Treatment of Elderly Depression Essay Example for Free

Music-Induced Affect as Treatment of Elderly Depression Essay Abstract   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Depression in elderly patients is one of the most prevalent psychological problems today. However, research and knowledge regarding this subject is limited and those involved in the application of this knowledge to help elderly individuals experiencing depression are lacking in efficient strategies and training. This paper aims to explore the efficacy of inducing positive affect through music as a strategy in treating depression in elderly individuals. The paper focuses on the effectiveness of music alone as tool in treating depression based on its capability to induce positive affect. It is hypothesized that positive affect continuously induced via music within a set time-period will lessen signs of depression. Introduction Depression has recently been recognized as one of main psychological problems facing society today. Literature shows that treatment of depression needs to be specialized in terms of the population it addresses. Certain groups, such as adolescents, respond to certain treatments differently when compared to another group, such as the elderly. (Aryan Alvidres, 2001; Von Kroff et al, 2001) Depression among the elderly has specifically been found to be rampant and mostly unchecked mainly due to the fact that it was regarded earlier on as a normal step in an individual’s aging. (Casey, 1994) The need for further research on the subject is stressed by the fact that treatments and solutions for depression among elderly individuals are studied only in areas wherein a majority of the population is in the late stages of life. (Bramesfeld, 2003) Also, research has shown that general practitioners involved in treating depression in the elderly need to have more training and information on how best to handle depression in older patients. (Rothera et al, 2002) Diagnosis of depression is also a problem with 70-90% of depressed elderly patients going undiagnosed. (Koenig, 1999) A new strategy being researched for its effectiveness in treating depression employs the use of music techniques. Hendricks et al (1999) showed the potency of music in treating adolescent depression mainly because of its ability to inspire a change in the individual’s emotions. Hanser Thomson (1994) and Hanser (1990) studies have also shown promise in the use of music techniques to treat depression in older individuals. This paper aims to validate these previous studies but will focus only on the musical aspect of the treatment. Previous research included exercise, muscle relaxation techniques, and recall of experiences which could have confounded the results of the previous studies attesting to the effectiveness of music techniques. Research Question   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     The goal of this paper is to determine whether there is a significant relationship between music-induced affect and depression. Can positive affect induced by music reduce depression? It is hypothesized that positive music-induced affect has a significant negative relationship with depression. Methods   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The design of the study is experimental and random. Specifically, it makes use of a 22 between-subjects factorial design. One variable will be the music-induced affect which will have two levels in the experiment, presence and absence of music-induced affect. Negative music-induced affect will not be used for ethical reasons. The other variable will be the test scores of the participants assessing the intensity of their depression. This will have two levels, test scores prior to the application of the music technique and test scores acquired after application. The two variables contribute tot eh 22 factorial design. (Mann, 1949) Setting   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The study will be conducted in a laboratory setting within primary care facilities from which the participants will be gathered. Performing the experiment in a primary care facility will be more convenient especially because the participants involved are elderly individuals. The laboratory setting will control for confounding variables that could be present in a real environment. Population   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The research sample will be composed of individuals from age 65 onwards coming from primary care facilities and who have been diagnosed with depression (ranging from mild to severe). This is to avoid ethical and scientific concerns regarding clinically-induced depression. Data Collection The independent variable is the positive music-induced affect will be measured with the State Form of the Multiple Affect Adjective Check List-Revised (MAACL-R). (Zuckerman Lubin, 1985) The depression level, the dependent variable, of the participants will be measured with the Beck Depression Inventory (BDI). (Beck et al, 1961) Participants will be randomly assigned to two groups. The experimental group will be administered with music sessions aimed at inducing positive affect. The music will be pre-tested on a different set of participants also with depression to check its validity in inducing positive affect. The control group will not be administered with music sessions and will only be administered the Beck Depression Inventory at the start and at the end of the experimentation period.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The experimental group will be administered the selected music once daily for a duration of four weeks. During the sessions, participants of the experimental set-up will be asked to clear their minds and to concentrate only on the music being played. The State Form of the Multiple Affect Adjective Check List-Revised will be administered before and after each session to ensure that positive affect was induced. The Beck Depression Inventory will also be administered to this group at the start and end of the four-week experimentation period to document depression levels. Data Analysis   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Collected data will be analyzed statistically with the use of a one-way analysis of variance (one-way ANOVA). The computed marginal means in the ANOVA will be the determining statistical value indicating the effect of positive music-induced affect on depression scores with the Beck Depression Inventory. Conclusion   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Music as a technique employed in treating depression will provide healthcare workers and low-income families with a relatively cost-free strategy of helping elderly individuals experiencing depression. This is also a technique that doesn’t require much training or medical expertise in its administration. All one would need in order to be able to administer this technique is knowledge as to which music selections are prescribed and certified to induce positive affect. This technique, because of its simplicity and speed of application, could also be used as a supplementary strategy to medication, counseling and psychotherapies being employed to treat depression in elderly patients.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The research, however, has many limitations. The range of elderly individuals that will be available for experimentation will only be confined to a specific locality. Time constraints will also be an issue. Further study should be conducted on a larger sample size and over a longer experimentation period. Different music styles and variations can also be checked to ascertain maximum effectiveness of the treatment. Gender could also be checked as a factor.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Depression is indeed a psychological problem that afflicts today’s elderly individuals. Research regarding effective techniques has to be continued and expanded in order for healthcare workers to be able to best address this growing problem. References Arean, P., Alvidrez, J. (2001). Treating Depressive Disorders Who Responds, Who Does Not Respond, and Who Do We Need to Study? Journal of Family Practices, 50(6), 529 Beck, A., Ward, C., Mendelson, M., Mock, J., Erbaugh, J. (1961). An inventory for measuring depression, Archives of General Psychiatry, 4, 561-571. Bramesfeld, A. (2003). Service provision for elderly depressed persons and political and professional awareness for this subject: a comparison of six European countries. International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry, 18, 392-401 Casey, D. (1994). Depression in the elderly. Southern Medical Journal, 87(5), 559-563 Hanser, S. B. (1990). A music therapy strategy for depressed older adults in the community. Journal of Applied Gerontology, 9, 283-298. Hanser, S. B., Thompson, L. W. (1994). Effects of music therapy strategy on depressed older adults. Journal of Gerontology, 49, 265-269. Hendricks, C., Robinson, B., Bradley, L., Davis, K. (1999). Using music techniques to treat adolescent depression. Journal of Humanistic Counseling, Education Development, 38(1), 39-46 Koenig, H. (1999). Late-life depression: How to treat patients with comorbid chronic illness.Geriatrics, 54(5), 56-61 Mann, H.B. (1949). Analysis and design of experiments; analysis of variance and analysis of variance designs. New York, Dover Publications. Rothera, I., Jones, R., Gordon, C. (2002). An examination of the attitudes and practice of general practitioners in the diagnosis and treatment of depression in older people. International Journal Of Geriatric Psychiatry, 17, 354-358 Von Kroff, M., Katon, W., Wells, K., Wagner, E. (2001). Improving Depression Care Barriers, Solutions, and Research Needs. Journal of Family Practice, 50(6), 529-561 Zuckerman M, Lubin B. (1985) Manual for the Multiple Affect Adjective Check List-Revised. San Diego: Educational and Industrial Testing